U3O1 Flashcards
Russian empire size
8000km east to west
3200 km north to south
1/6 of worlds total land mass
how many ethnic groups
170
great Russians = 44.3%
Ukrainians = 18%
poles = 6%
Belorussians = 4.5%
russia pop expanding
40 mill in 1815
95 mill in 1890
165 mill in 1914
wealth disparity
nobles 1% but owned 25% of land
middle class size 1897
0.5%
peasant %
approx 80%
what did all major western eu countries have some form of at beginning of 20th century (except Russia)
democratic or representative government!
army spending
45% of annual gov expenditure
(only 4% on education)
land that fell into dissuse after emancipation of peasants
1/4
coal production compared to GB
5% less than GB
25% of coal had to be imported
num of measures introduced to persecute jews
600
coronation stats
100,000 went
1,389 died
witte investment in industry
1890 = 60 mill rouble
1900 = 430 mil rouble
616% increase
witte improve train tracks
amount of track tripled
total mileage increased by 46%
witte increase foreign investment
2.5 mill in 1893 to 2.2 bill in 1913
8700% increase
witte increase trade schools
8 schools 1894 -100 schools 1904
literacy ↑ 20% 1890 - 38% 1914
witte GDP increase
↑ 96.8% 1898-1913
(GB =40%, Ger=84.2%)
witte industry increase
oil ↑ 1840% 1880-1916
grain ↑ 88% 1880-1916
coal ↑ 956% 1880-1916
witte problems - foreign debt
30% of all investment came from abroad
witte problems - increased tax
5% of crop to 15% of crop for peasants
witte problems - consumption
consumption levels dropped 25%
witte consequences - strikes
num suppressed by mili ↑
19 in 1983 - 522 in 1902
witte consequences - poor wages
1908-1914
inflation = 40%
but wages increase 7%
university students expanding
5k in 1860 to 69k in 1914
slaughter of students
march 1901
3000 protested
13 killed
1500 imprisoned (50%)
how many ppl at formation of social Democratic Party 1898
only 9 ppl
(all were arrested after meeting ended)
Bolshevik party stats
btw 5k and 10k 1905-1914
25k in Feb 1917
best prepared to seize power
discontent among workers stats
-11.5 hr working days
- russian workers = lowest paid in Europe
- strikes in early 1900s - groups of 15-20k first mention revolution
consequences russo JPN war
economy ↓
wages decrease by 25%
end of 1904 factory workers
6000 members assembled and aimed to support local workers and industrial reform
early jan 05 strikes
1000s of workers on strike (120,000 by early jan 05)
Bloody Sunday stats
- 150000 peaceful protesters
- reported that 4600 ppl killed or wounded
- actually it was 200 killed 800 wounded
strikes after bloody sunday
end of jan 1905 = 400,000 workers in strike in st. P alone
soviet called strike after Bloody Sunday
nationwide general strike → approx 1.5 mill strikes across Russia
peasant damage 1905
3000 manor houses destroyed
destroyed 15% of Russias total
army putting down peasants 1905
2700 occurrences where army was used to suppress peasant revolts
peasant union initial members
200,000
military mutiny June 1905
14 June 1905
battleship Potemkin in Odessa
sailors turned on officers
killed 7/18 officers
1906 peasant revolts (after October Manifesto)
- reduced land seizures and unrest in SOME areas
- Yet Tampa region = 130 noble estates destroyed
army reaction to oct manifesto and suppression of peasant land seizures
200 mutinies btwn oct-dec 1905
> military reforms
- pay increases
- term goes from 7 to 5 years for sailors
- Better rations
authorities crush workers movements 1905
3rd dec = police storm st P soviet HQ
- 260 deputies + Trotsky arrested
Moscow workers uprising
7th December
1000s killed
suburbs ruined from street fighting
wave of violence oct 05 - apr 06
5k executed
4500 deported
significant oct manifesto
1st time Russian ppl had been promised political rep and important step to citizens not subjects
electoral system of oct manifest X representative
- allowed for men over 25 to vote but only landowners with over 200 hectares could directly vote
- peasants indirect vote
- more than 60% of urban workers excluded
- soldiers and women unable
article 87 fundamental laws
tsar could dismiss the duma and legislate on his own under exceptional circumstances
first duma stats
- duma of public anger
- 38% peasants with no party affiliation/37% cadets/20% trudoviks (SR breakaway from SRs)
- criticise the gov on 391 occasions
- Nic decided to dissolve after 73 days
second duma stats
- more radical
- 287 bills put forward but 3 put in place
- lasted 102 days
third duma stats
- duma of the lords and lackeys
- changes to electoral system so more compliant and conservative duma
- only 1 in 6 males could vote
- octoberists largest party with 154 seats
- 2571 bills passed
lena goldfields massacre and unrest that followed
- 12th April 1912
- miners on strike - 500 shot
- 250 killed
- 6000 strike
next 2 years = 3 mill workers stage 9k strikes
1914= 2400 strikes with pol demands
stolypins excecutions
1906-1913 = 3376 ppl executed for ‘terrorist’ or rev activities
results of stolypin reforms
- almost 2 mil peasant families leave mir to farm independently - 15% of pop > Kulaks
- 3 mil accept gov offers of land and aid and moved to Siberia
- number of primary schools doubled 1906 -1913
stolypin reforms
agrarian reform act
- land (peasant land bank and system of credit)
- social (aid offered and primary school)
- industrial (max working day shortened)
limits of stolypins reforms
only 105 of pop able to benefit
conservative peasants reluctant
urban migration continues
stolypin dies and reforms aren’t carried out effectively
