U3AOS2 - Health Status Variations Flashcards
biological variations
- body weight
- blood pressure
- blood cholesterol
- glucose regulation
- birth weight
- genetics
body weight
high body mass includes overweight and obesity; increases the chances of developing:
- high blood pressure
- impaired glucose regulation
- cardiovascular disease
- cancers
- respiratory problems
- type 2 diabetes
- self esteem issues
- depression
- social exclusion
blood pressure
blood pressure is a measure of the pressure applied to the blood vessels as the heart contracts and expands
- high blood pressure = hypertension
hypertension
this means the heart and the kidneys need to work harder and the blood vessels may be restricted
- risk factors for hypertension are high BMI, lack of physical activity, stress, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition and poor diet
blood cholesterol
cholesterol is a type of fat, too much LDL cholesterol is a risk factor for CVD, heart attack and stroke
- the incidence increases with age
high blood cholesterol - risk factors
excessive alcohol intake smoking a diet high in sat or trans fats lack of exercise genetic predisposition
glucose regulation
glucose is the preferred fuel for energy within cells // when blood glucose levels rice, insulin is released from the pancreas to allow glucose to travel from the bloodstream into cells to be used as energy
impaired glucose regulation (6 / 6)
a precursor to type 2 diabetes, CVD, heart attack, strokes, premature death and kidney failure. It can occur due to :
- genetic predisposition
- stress
- pregnancy
- lack of exercise
- high LDL cholesterol
- high blood pressure
birth weight
babies with low birth weight (under 2.5kg) are more likely to have a underdeveloped immune system , you are more likely to suffer from premature death and significant disabilities
- research also shows that they are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and CVD as an adult
causes of low birth weight
- premature birth (less time to grow and develop)
- age of the mother (younger mothers [<15] and older mothers [45+] have higher rates of low birth weight babies)
- mothers nutritional status (inadequate supply of nutrients can contribute to underdevelopment of the factors)
- smoking, excessive alcohol use and drug use by the mother reduces foetal growth
- illness of the mother during pregnancy (infections can cause early labour or slowed growth)
genetics
sex –> makes conditions exclusive and biological differences can occur
hormones –> males have different hormones which could contribute to some health differences
hormone differences
oestrogen –> helps maintain bone density in women, when a women enters menopause their levels of oestrogen decline and this leads to a loss of bone mass
testosterone –> mainly responsible for male sex characteristics inc. risk taking and aggression
sociocultural variations
- socioeconomic status
- education
- unemployed
- social connections and social exclusion
- social isolation
- cultural norms
- food security
- early life experiences
- access to healthcare
socioeconomic status
refers to the person’s position in society relative to other people
- this is made up of income, occupation and education
income
can influence people’s ability to access resources, the resources promote a healthy body weight, prevent disease, staying socially connected and accessing healthcare
occupation
some occupations involve manual labour increasing the risk of back pain and soft tissue injuries / people with lower SES are more likely to experience occupational hazards
education
health literacy describes the degree to which an individual has the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
- this can relate to healthy lifestyle choices which can prevent health conditions
low levels of health literacy
- less likely to take notice of health promotion materials; this increases the risk of preventable diseases
- more likely to smoke and be obese due to poor nutrition
unemployment
there is a link between unemployment and health status
- rates of suicide, lung cancer and CVD are higher for the unemployed
- long term impacts of unemployment can be serious due to psychological an financial factors
- effect on health status can begin even when people are working, employees may be concerned about their job security
- this has a two way effect (ill health can cause unemployment, unemployment can cause ill health)
social exclusion
- the opposite of social connectedness is social exclusion; this includes feelings of disconnect and they don’t get opportunities to make use of the resources available to them in society // in the past these people have been caused social outcasts
- the causes of social exclusion also result in further social exclusion
social exclusion effects
increased risk taking poor physical and mental health disability inability to access services family breakdown homelessness discrimination low income
social isolation
not being in regular contact with others
- geographical barriers can prevent people from being able to interact with others (rural areas)
- disability, disease, lack of transport and communication can prevent people from socialising
- people who are isolated often lack support to improve their health status
- this can contribute to mental health problems such as depression and stress
cultural norms
cultural norms relate to customs, ideas, cultures and traditions of particular society norms which impact health status including gender stereotypes, food intake, attitudes and beliefs
- gender stereotype relate to the behaviours which are culturally acceptable for males and females
- dietary intake of cultural groups influences the sorts of foods people have over time
- attitudes towards education, employment and recreation (inc. alcohol use), health and healthcare are also part of cultural norms
- medications which are accepted can also differ for different cultures
food security
the quality, affordability and availability of food affects what people eat
- food insecurity (a shortage of available products) can lead to deficiency diseases and other health complications
- too much food availability can contribute to people eating too much and putting themselves at risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
- environment, income and nutritional knowledge all has an effect on people
- people with low SES may not be able to afford healthy food
early life experiences
past experiences can help to shape an individual, their outlooks on life and the business they engage in their lives
- behaviours while pregnant can contribute to the health outcomes of the baby – maternal tobacco, alcohol, drug use, maternal nutrition and exposure to certain chemicals, bacteria and viruses can have significant impacts on the individual after birth
maternal tobacco, alcohol, drug use, maternal nutrition impacts
low birth weight
increased risk of infections
higher U5MR
access to healthcare
healthcare refers to the services that promote and preserve health and wellbeing
- people in a different geographical areas may have access to different levels of services
- sociocultural factors can contribute to conditions getting undiagnosed
- low SES can also contribute to affordability being an issue
environmental factors
housing
work environment
urban design and infrastructure
climate and climate change
housing
people spend more time in their houses than any other environment
- ventilation
- overcrowding
- sleeping conditions
- security
- pollutants
- resources conducive to eating a nutritionally good diet
- access to water and sanitation facilities
ventilation
poor ventilation can lead to respiratory conditions
overcrowding
can lead to mental health issues // employment and education can also be impacted
sleeping conditions
noise and overcrowding can impact on sleep
security
lack can provide fear and high levels of stress and anxiety
pollutants
can lead to respiratory conditions
resources conducive to eating a nutritionally good diet
promotes healthy eating
access to water and sanitation facilities
decreases infections, essential to remove human waste from the environment
work environment
Australians spend a majority of their time inside their place of employment
- UV Exposure (working outside leads to more)
- dangerous working conditions (many workplaces have specific risks)
- exposure to hazardous substances (hazardous substances are used in the workplace)
urban design and infrastructure
relates to the features of suburbs, towns, regions and cities in which people live
- geographical location of resources (having access to resources can promote health and wellbeing or decrease it) e.g. access to fast food outlets or specialist care clinics
- increased pollution can lead to respiratory issues
- adequate infrastructure can prevent disease and illness and doesn’t just treat it
climate and climate change
Australia is the driest inhabited continent and is more susceptible to bushfires // these destroy houses and infrastructure
- UV levels are high in Australia and lead to high rates of skin cancer
- climate change can make it harder for vulnerable people to live in rural or isolated areas
- people with lower SES are more likely to be affected
- extreme weather events can also increase
indigenous vs non-indigenous health status variations
- life expectancy lower
- higher mortality rates in all age groups
- twice as likely to have a profound disability
- infant mortality, burden of disease and injury death rates higher
- higher rates of chronic conditions
- increased psychological distress rate
indigenous biological variations (health conditions)
- higher BMI
- hypertension
- impaired glucose regulation
- low birth weight
indigenous sociocultural variations
- low SES
- higher rates of unemployment
- lower levels of health literacy
- social exclusion increases
- high rates of food insecurity
- poorer early life experiences
- lack of access to culturally appropriate healthcare
indigenous environmental variations
- poorer quality water and sanitation systems
- poorer quality and overcrowded housing
- poorer quality infrastructure inc. poorer road quality
- lack of access to healthcare
males vs females health status variations
- male life expectancy 4 years less
- higher BOD
- higher chance of death at each stage of the lifestyle
- higher rates of CVD, cancer, suicide, road trauma and violence, diabetes, kidney disease, injury and COPD
- lower rates of osteoporosis, arthritis, psychological distress and core activity limitations
males vs females biological (health conditions)
- higher rates of high BMI, hypertension, impaired glucose regulation
- genetics inc. sex and hormones
males vs females sociocultural
- impacts of unemployment
- higher SES
- cultural influences and gender stereotypes
males vs females environment
- males often work in more dangerous environments
high SES vs low SES health status variations
- life expectancy lower for low SES
- higher mortality and prevalence rates for disability, diabetes, heart disease, smoking, arthritis, asthma, COPD, kidney disease and injuries
- higher rate of mental and behavioural problem
high SES vs low SES biological (health conditions)
- higher obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose regulation and low birth weight baby rates
high SES vs low SES sociocultural
- lower incomes, education levels, lower status occupations
- lower levels of health literacy
- more likely to be unemployed
- higher social exclusion rates
- early life experiences inc. higher rates of maternal smoking
- less likely to access healthcare
- low levels of neighbourhood safety
high SES vs low SES environment
- greater proximity of fast food outlets
- poorer quality public open spaces
- more dangerous work environments
- poorer quality learning
- greater exposure to tobacco smoke
outside vs main cities health status variations
- lower life expectancy
- higher rates of BOD and non-fatal outcomes
- higher mortality rates
- higher rates of preventable cancers, diabetes, arthritis, respiratory issues, dental decay and avoidable death inc. suicide
outside vs main cities biological (health conditions) - [HHHLI)
- higher rates of high BMI, high blood cholesterol, hypertension low weight babies and impaired glucose regulation
outside vs main cities sociocultural
- lower incomes
- less access to education
- higher rates of unemployment
- fewer healthcare professionals
- higher levels of social isolation
- higher rates of food insecurity
- early life experiences inc. higher material smoking
outside vs main cities environmental
- poorer road quality
- poorly lit roads
- greater driving distances
- reduced proximity to resources
- greater exposure to harsh climate
- less access to fluoridated water
- more dangerous environment
risk factors
smoking alcohol high BMI underconsumption of food, fruit and dairy overconsumption of fat, salt and sugar dietary risks of low iron and fibre
smoking define
smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed in the bloodstream
smoking generally relates to the use of tobacco, but can include marijuana and other drugs
smoking health conditions
cardiovascular disease cancer asthma prenatal and infancy concerns respiratory conditions infections
smoking burden of disease
- responsible for causing some cases of coronary heart disease and of asthma
- responsible for some lung cancer and COPD DALYs
smoking health status (CCCR)
- increased morbidity and mortality from CVD, cancer, COPD and respiratory conditions
- increased risk of low birth weight which contributes to IMR (infant mortality rates…) and U5MR
- lower life expectancy and HALE
alcohol define
In moderation alcohol has minimal side effects. Alcohol misuse relates to the excessive consumption of alcohol inc. alcoholism and binge drinking
alcoholism is not being able to stop drinking after starting
binge drinking is 7+ drinks for males and 5+ for females
alcohol health conditions
- alcohol use disorder
- weight gain, high BMI and associated diseases, CVD, cancer, type 2 diabetes
- cancer inc. mouth, throat, bowel, liver and breast
- liver disease
- injuries
- mental health issues and self harm
- prenatal and infant health outcomes inc. FASD
alcohol burden of disease (5)
- alcohol use if responsible for all DALYs associated with alcohol use disorders
contributes to: - burden of disease due to road traffic injuries were due to alcohol use
- DALYs due to liver diseases
- DALYs due to suicide and self inflicted injuries
- increased YLL and YLD due to cardiovascular disease and stroke
alcohol health status
- increase incidence and mortality from CVD, cancers, liver diseases, injuries and type 2 diabetes
- higher rates of morbidity due to mental health issues
- increased infant and under five mortality rates
high BMI define
Body mass relates to the amount of body weight an individual is carrying. Assessment is made with waist measurements and weight. This doesn’t take fat distribution into account. Abdominal fat is linked to higher risk of disease and illness
high BMI health conditions
CVD some cancers type 2 diabetes kidney disease arthritis and osteoporosis asthma mental health issues maternal health conditions
high BMI burden of disease
contributes to (BODs):
- diabetes
- kidney disease
- coronary heart disease
- stress
- increased YLD for mental health issues, arthritis, osteoporosis and asthma
high BMI health status (CCK)
- increased mortality and morbidity rates due to cancer, CVD, kidney disease
- lower life expectancy and HALE
underconsumption of veg, fruit and dairy define
vegetables and fruits are nutrient dense and high in vitamins and minerals as well as low in kilojoules // consuming these can reduce the chance of high BMI due to their high satiation due to the high fibre content
underconsumption of dairy can lead to weaker bones and higher osteoporosis risk
underconsumption of veg, fruit and dairy health burden of disease
- YLD as a result of osteoporosis and dental caries
- DALY associated with CVD, neural tube defects, some cancers and type 2 diabetes increases
underconsumption of veg, fruit and dairy health status
- morbidity due to osteoporosis
- morbidity and mortality of CVD, colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes
- incidence of dental caries
- lower life expectancy and HALE
- higher infant and under 5 mortality rates
underconsumption of veg, fruit and dairy health conditions
osteoporosis CVD colorectal cancer type 2 diabetes dental caries high BMI some cancers neural tube defects
overconsumption of fat define
Most fats play a role in health and wellbeing. Too much saturated and trans fats can cause these health conditions
overconsumption of fat health conditions
high BMI atherosclerosis CVD various cancers type 2 diabetes
overconsumption of fat burden of disease
- increases DALY associated with CVD, type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer
overconsumption of fat health status
- increases morbidity and mortality rates associated with CVD, type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer
- lower life expectancy and HALE
overconsumption of salt define
One of the main components of salt is sodium. Too much sodium can contribute to negative health outcomes
overconsumption of salt health conditions
- hypertension
- heart failure, stroke and heart attack
- osteoporosis
overconsumption of salt burden of disease
- DALY due to hypertension, heart failure, stroke and heart attack
- increased YLD due to osteoporosis especially among older females
overconsumption of salt health status
- morbidity and mortality rates due to hypertension, heart failure, stroke and heart attack
- incidence of osteoporosis especially among older females
overconsumption of sugar define
sugar is a type of carbohydrate naturally found in foods, it is also found in processed food, excess is stored as fat, sugar can damage teeth and gums
overconsumption of sugar health conditions
- high BMI and associated conditions inc. CVD, some cancers, type 2 diabetes
- Dental caries and disease
overconsumption of sugar burden of disease
- DALY due to high BMI and associated conditions
- YLD due to dental caries and disease
overconsumption of sugar health status
- higher mortality rates due to high BMI and associated conditions
- incidence and prevalence of dental caries
- lower life expectancy and HALE
underconsumption of iron define
iron is essential, it performs the ‘haemo’ part of haemoglobin
underconsumption of iron health conditions
anemia
underconsumption of iron burden of disease
- contributes YLD due to anemia
underconsumption of iron health status
- incidence and prevalence of anemia, especially among females of childbearing age
underconsumption of fibre define
fibre is a carbohydrate required for optimal health and wellbeing, it helps with digestive and can be soluble (able to absorb water) or insoluble
underconsumption of fibre health concecrns
- high BMI and associated conditions
- colorectal cancer
- high cholesterol and CVD
- type 2 diabetes
underconsumption of fibre burden of disease
- contributes to DALY associated with colorectal cancer and CVD
underconsumption of fibre health status
- increased mortality and morbidity for colorectal cancer and CVD
- lower life expectancy and HALE
