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Physical Education > U3AoS1 - Biomechanical Principles > Flashcards

U3AoS1 - Biomechanical Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanical Principles

A

Study of human movement and the forces acting upon it, both internal and external. During both motion and stationary.

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2
Q

Mass

A

Is the quantity of matter found within a particular body/object

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3
Q

Inertia

A

The tendency for an object to resist a change in its state of motion.

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4
Q

Relationship between mass and inertia

A

The greater the mass, the greater the inertia.

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5
Q

Force

A

Can be described as a push or pull on an object.
Mass x Acceleration
Internal and External
Force applied needs to be greater than the inertia for movement.

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6
Q

The effects of Force on an object

A
  1. Change the shape of an object
  2. Change an objects speed/motion (acceleration, negative acceleration)
  3. Change an objects direction
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7
Q

Torque

A

Force around an axis

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8
Q

Internal Force

A

Muscles pulling on bones at a joint

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9
Q

External forces

A

Air and water resistance, friction and gravitational forces.

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10
Q

Air and water resistance

A

A frictional force that occurs when one of the surfaces is air or water (drag force)

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11
Q

Friction

A

Occurs when two surfaces contact each other. Friction can be manipulated to be increased or decreased.
E.g. Curling, soccer and golf

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12
Q

Gravitational Forces

A

Constant downward force acting at 9.8m/s^2

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13
Q

Gravity effect on ball flight path

A

Force of gravity brings ball back to earth in a parabolic path.

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14
Q

Motion

A

Refers to the change in position of an object/body in relation to time. Something moving.

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15
Q

Types of Motion

A
  1. Angular Motion
  2. Linear Motion
  3. General Motion
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16
Q

Acceleration description

A

An object positively changing motion

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17
Q

Deceleration

A

Something decreasing motion

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18
Q

Velocity

A

Speed with a direction

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19
Q

Linear Motion

A

Something moving in a straight line or curved path. All parts travel the same distance in the same direction and time.

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20
Q

Angular Motion

A

When a body part moves around a central axis/twisting or rotates around an axis.
Axis is stationary.

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21
Q

General Motion

A

Linear and Angular Motion
eg. cycling and running

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22
Q

If acceleration is 0

A

The speed is constant and unchanging

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23
Q

Newtons Laws

A
  • Inertia
    -Force and Acceleration - Action and Reaction
  • Rarely used in Isolation
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24
Q

Newtons First Law

A

An object will stay at rest or continue to travel in the same direction at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.
- If an object is at rest, it will remain at rest. If the object is in motion, it will tend to remain in motion.

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25
Q

Newtons first law referring to mass.

A

The greater the mass, the greater the inertia. More force is therefore required to change motion.

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26
Q

Newtons Second Law

A

The rate of acceleration of an object is proportional to the force applied to it and in the direction in which the force is applied
- If mass stays the same, the greater the force = the greater the acceleration
- An object will accelerate faster when a greater force is applied.

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27
Q

In order to generate maximal force

A

Mass and acceleration should be highest.
However, there is a trade off between mass and acceleration - pyshiological struggle.

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28
Q

If the amount of force produced by a body is equivalent

A

Then the object with more mass will not accelerate as quickly.

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29
Q

Newtons Third Law

A

When two objects come into contact with one another, they exert equal forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction to one another.
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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30
Q

Newtons Third Law in an answer

A

Must state
- action force
- reactive force
- equal and opposite force
- performance benefit.

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31
Q

Momentum

A

A measure of the amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion.

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32
Q

Types of momentum

A

Linear momentum and angular momentum

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33
Q

Linear Momentum formula

A

Mass x Velocity

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34
Q

Angular Momentum formula

A

Moment of inertia x angular velocity

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35
Q

Moment of inertia

A

The resistance of a body to change its angular momentum.
Can be manipulated by shifting body parts.

36
Q

Angular velocity

A

Rate of rotation around and axis (RPM) . MOI must be changed to change AV.

37
Q

Linear Momentum

A

Zero velocity = zero momentum
If two objects have the same mass, the object with the greater velocity will have greater momentum.
Greater the momentum = harder to stop

38
Q

Conservation of linear momentum

A

States that when two objects come into contact, the total momentum that existed before the collision is the same as the total momentum after.
Transfer of momentum based on which object has the greater mass/velocity.

39
Q

All momentum

A

is conserved.

40
Q

Decreased moment of Inertia

A

Bring mass closer to rotation axis will increase angular velocity

41
Q

Increased moment of inertia

A

Take mass away from the axis will decrease angular velocity

42
Q

Conservation of Angular Momentum

A

Once a force is applied, angular momentum is conserved (mass will not change). Only angular velocity can be changed by changing MOI.

43
Q

Summation of momentum

A

Use large muscles first, each body part then sequentially accelerated, each body part stabilized before momentum transferred.

44
Q

Why do we use large muscles first?

A

Such as thighs and trunk, these have high mass and hence move more slowly. Large body parts initiate the movement and provide the base for support.

45
Q

Sequentially accelerated

A

Momentum from large and slow, to small light and fast body parts.

46
Q

Why do we use Summation of momentum?

A
  • By using as many body parts as possible of possible, the time over which the force is applied is maximized.
  • Follow through is important so the last body part doesn’t slow down.
47
Q

Impulse

A

Force x time = change in momentum.

48
Q

Impulse reasoning

A

Applying force for longer results in a change of momentum. Impulse can be applied to an object to either increase or decrease momentum.

49
Q

Injury prevention

A

Absorbing force over time will decrease the momentum

50
Q

Using no mat

A

Will result in a larger impact force as the force is absorbed in a short period of time.

51
Q

Using a mat

A

Crash mats aborbs the force over a longer period of time, less risk of injury due to smaller impact force.

52
Q

Cricket ball example

A

Moving your hands back will increase the amount of time over which the force is applied to your hands, decreasing the impulse.

53
Q

Projectile

A

any object that is launched into the air becomes a projectile.
- affected by air resistance and gravity
Concerned with the vertical, horizonal or a combination distance.

54
Q

Factors affecting path and distance of a projectile.

A

Speed of Release (2nd Law)
Angle of Release
Height of Release

55
Q

Speed of Release

A
  • The greater the force applied, the greater the acceleration
  • Increasing the speed of release = further and faster travel
56
Q

Acceleration formula

A

Force/mass

57
Q

Angle of Release

A

The optimal angle of release to travel the greatest distance is 45 degrees.

58
Q

Height of Release

A

If the angle and speed of release are constant, an object released from a greater height will travel further.

59
Q

Relative projectile height = 0

A

45 degree release angle
eg. Golf and Soccer

60
Q

Relative projectile height = 2m

A

<45 degree angle
eg. Cricket and bowling

61
Q

Relative projectile height = -1.5m

A

> 45 degree angle
eg. Netball and Basketball

62
Q

Stability and Balance can be manipulated by:

A
  1. Base of Support
  2. Mass
  3. Line of Gravity
  4. Centre of Gravity
63
Q

Stability and Balance can be improved by:

A
  • Lowering center of gravity
  • widening base of support
    3. Ensure line of gravity is in the middle of base of support.
64
Q

Levers

A

Simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that can be made to rotate around in axis to exert force.
Bones = Rigid bar
Joints = axis
Force = Muscles contract

65
Q

Axis

A

AKA Fulcrum
The turning point of the lever

66
Q

Force (Levers)

A

AKA Effort
- the point where force is applied

67
Q

Resistance

A

AKA Load
The weight being moved

68
Q

ARF Acronym

A

RAF = 1st class
ARF = 2nd class
AFR = 3rd class

69
Q

1st and 2nd Class Levers

A

Role = Decreasing the amount of force required to move a mass.
No first class levers in the body
- 2nd class lever = calf raise.

70
Q

Force arm

A

The distance between the axis and the force

71
Q

Resistance arm

A

Distance between the load and the fulcrum.

72
Q

3rd Class Levers

A

Role = increase the speed and range of movement at the end of the lever.

73
Q

Benefit of increasing the Resistance arm

A

Increasing the resistance arm = increased range of motion and therefore speed.
Allows for increased linear velocity to be transferred to objects resulting in increased distance.

74
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

If resistance arm is longer than the force arm = less than one (which more force is required to move the object) as they increase the speed of the lever not the force.

75
Q

Running example referring to inertia

A

Decreasing the moment of inertia and resistance arm enables the leg to be swung through more quickly, greater angular velocity.

76
Q

Displacement

A

Straight line path travelled between two points including direction

77
Q

Distance

A

Total length of path travelled between two points

78
Q

Speed

A

Time taken to cover a certain distance
distance/time

79
Q

Velocity

A

Speed with a direction
displacement/time

80
Q

Acceleration formula

A

Change in velocity over a period of time
velocity/time.

81
Q

Weight

A

The force that gravitation exerts upon a body, equal to the mass of the body x gravity force.

82
Q

Equilibrium

A

No acceleration of body (no change of speed + direction)

83
Q

Centre of Gravity

A

The average location of all the weight of an object

84
Q

Stability

A

Resistance to a disruption of equilibrium.

85
Q

Line of gravity

A

Imaginary vertical line passing from the centre of gravity of an object to the ground

86
Q

Base of Support

A

The area beneath a person that includes every point of contact with a surface

87
Q

Linear Velocity

A

How quickly something is changing motion in a straight line or curved path.

Physical Education (12 decks)

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