U3 & U4

Question 1

diffusion

Answer 1

the process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another over time

Question 2

contagious diffusion

Answer 2

the process by which an idea or cultural trait spreads rapidly ADJACENTLY among people of all social classes and levels of power

Question 3

hierarchical diffusion

Answer 3

the spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places

Question 4

stimulus diffusion

Answer 4

the process by which a cultural trait or idea spreads to another culture or region but is modified to adapt to the new culture

Question 5

cultural convergence

Answer 5

the process by which cultures become more similar through interaction

Question 6

multiculturalism

Answer 6

a situation in which different cultures live together without assimilating

Question 7

artifacts

Answer 7

a visible object or technology that a culture creates

Question 8

sociofacts

Answer 8

a structure or organization of a culture that influences social behavior

Question 9

mentifacts

Answer 9

a central enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs

Question 10

ethnocentrism

Answer 10

the tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture

Question 11

cultural relativism

Answer 11

the evaluation of a culture by its own standards

Question 12

sequent occupance

Answer 12

the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape

Question 13

toponyms

Answer 13

a place name

Question 14

gentrification

Answer 14

the renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences

Question 15

language family

Answer 15

a group of languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth, or region of origin

Question 16

isolate

Answer 16

a language that is unrelated to any other known language

Question 17

language group

Answer 17

languages within a language branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap

Question 18

universalizing religion

Answer 18

a religion that tries to appeal to all humans and is open to membership by everyone

Question 19

ethnic religion

Answer 19

a religion that is closely tied with a particular ethnic group often living in a particular place

Question 20

secular

Answer 20

focused on worldly rather than spiritual concerns

Question 21

Sovereignty

Answer 21

the right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders

Question 22

Nation

Answer 22

a cultural entity made up of people who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, heritage, or ethnicity - often all four of there

Question 23

Nation-state

Answer 23

a politically organized and recognized territory composed of a group of people who consider themselves to be a nation

Question 24

multi-state nation

Answer 24

people who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than one country

Question 25

multi-national state

Answer 25

a country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders

Question 26

irredentism

Answer 26

attempts by a state to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation

Question 27

stateless nation

Answer 27

a people united by culture, language, history, and tradition but not possessing a state

Question 28

choke point

Answer 28

a narrow, strategic passageway to another place through which it is difficult to pass

Question 29

shatterbelts

Answer 29

a region where states form join, and break up because of ongoing, sometimes violent, conflicts among parties and because they are caught between the interest of more powerful outside states

Question 30

self-determination

Answer 30

the right of all people to choose their own political status

Question 31

devolution

Answer 31

the process that occurs when the central power in a state is broken up among regional authorities within its borders

Question 32

superimposed boundary

Answer 32

a border drawn over existing accepted borders by an outside or conquering force

Question 33

exclusive economic zone

Answer 33

an area that extends 200 nautical miles for a state’s coast; a state has sole access to resources found within the waters or beneath the sea floor of its EEZ

Question 34

federal state

Answer 34

the organization of a state in which power is shared between the federal government and its internal regional units

Question 35

unitary state

Answer 35

an organization of a state in which power is concentrated in a central government

Question 36

reapportionment

Answer 36

the redistribution of representative seats among states based on shifts in population

Question 37

electoral college

Answer 37

a set of people, called electors, who are chosen to elect the president and vice president of the US

Question 38

redistricting

Answer 38

the redrawing of internal territorial and political boundaries

Question 39

ethnic separatism

Answer 39

the process by which people of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly as members of their ethnic group than as citizens of the state

Question 40

ethnic cleansing

Answer 40

the process by which a state attacks an ethnic group and tries to eliminate it through expulsion, imprisonment, or killing

Question 41

supranationalism

Answer 41

an alliance of 3+ states that work together to reach common goals or to address an issue or challenge they share

Question 42

economies of scale

Answer 42

cost reductions that occur when production rises

Question 43

ethnonationalism

Answer 43

the process by which the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religious belief, and language, creating a sense of pride and identity that is tied to the territory; also called ethnic nationalism