U3 T1

Question 1

What are the 3 classification methods?

Answer 1

• Physical features: hair, fur, feathers
• Method of reproduction: sexual, asexual
• Molecular sequences: DNA

Question 2

Why do we need classification?

Answer 2

So that organisations all around the world recognise animals with the same scientific name

Question 3

What is Taxonomy?

Answer 3

The organisation of organisms in hierarchical groups known as a taxa eg. kingdom. the full hierarchy is known as a taxon

Question 4

What is the order of taxon from least specific to most specific?

Answer 4

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
  (Donkey Kong Plays Cocomelon On Fridays Good Stuff)

Question 5

How many domains are there?

Answer 5

3

Question 6

What are the three domains?

Answer 6

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 7

What is the Binomial naming system?

Answer 7

Uses the Latin Genus and species names. often in italics where the Genus comes before the species and is capitalised. eg Canis latrans where Canis is the genus and latrans is the species.

Question 8

Why are multiple definitions of species required?

Answer 8

Traditionally, differences in morphology was used to differentiate organisms where the ability to breed was also incorporated. there are many exceptions.

Question 9

What is the most widely accepted definition?

Answer 9

A species is a group of organisms that have the ability to mate with one another to produce healthy, viable and fertile offspring.

Question 10

What is an interspecific hybrid and give an example.

Answer 10

When organisms of different species can mate and produce healthy offspring but the offspring are not fertile. eg A horse and a donkey can mate to produce a mule.

Question 11

Why do interspecific hybrids occur?

Answer 11

When closely related species are kept together in captivity rather than natural habitats

Question 12

How many Kingdoms are there?

Answer 12

5 (You do not need to know the names of them)

Question 13

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 13

2 Parents with variation (Humans)

Question 14

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 14

1 parent with no variation (Bacteria)

Question 15

What is an r-strategist?

Answer 15

• Short lifespan
• reproduce once in lifetime in large number
• short gestation period
• quick to mature
• little to no parental care or investment
• often live in hostile environments
• eg rats

Question 16

What is a K-strategist

Answer 16

• long lifespan
• long gestation period
• can reproduce multiple times in lifespan
• fewer offspring
• more energy to nurture
• large amount of parental care or investment
• live in stable environments
• eg Elephants

Question 17

What is classification by molecular sequences?

Answer 17

Linnaean system was based on morphological characteristics however, once evolutionary theory was accepted, biologists started analysing genetic sequences and comparing them - phylogeny.

Phylogenetics use this data to classify evolutionary relatedness.

Question 18

What are the 4 species interactions that can be used to classify organisms?

Answer 18

• Predation
• Competition
• Symbiosis
• Disease

Question 19

Explain the predation interaction

Answer 19

A predator prey relationship involves a predator and its prey. Prey numbers regulate predator numbers however the presence of predators can affect ecosystem dynamics.

Question 20

Explain the competition interaction

Answer 20

Exists when organisms in an ecosystem use the same resources such as food, space, mates, nesting sites. negatively affects both participants

Question 21

Explain the symbiosis interaction (3 forms)

Answer 21

Exist between species when at least one member benefits.
- Mutualism (Both Benefit)
- Commensalism (One benefits and other is unaffected)
- Parasitism (one benefits and other is harmed)

Question 22

Explain the disease interaction

Answer 22

Involves harm to a living thing and can involve the interaction between a pathogen and a host.

Question 23

Give an example of Mutualism and explain the relationship

Answer 23

Clownfish and Sea anemone. Clownfish help ward off other fish and also provide the anemone with nutrients. The anemone also provides protection for the clownfish.

Question 24

Give and example of Commensalism and explain the relationship

Answer 24

Sucker fish on sharks. The fish get a free ride but the shark receives nothing in return but is also unharmed.

Question 25

Give an example of parasitism and explain the relationship

Answer 25

Mosquitoes suck the blood of animals for protein to produce eggs while the animals are harmed in this process as they lose resources.

Question 26

What is used as molecular evidence?

Answer 26

Similar proteins or DNA sequences

Question 27

What is a clade?

Answer 27

An ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 28

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 28

A cladistic graph… but it has dates and does not need to bifurcate and does not need to be rooted

Question 29

What are the three assumptions of cladistics?

Answer 29

• Common ancestry: assumes organisms in a group are descended from a common ancestor.
• Bifurcation: when organisms differentiate, they split into 2
• Physical Change: Cladistics assumes that physicals change occurs over time.

Question 30

What is an ecosystem?

Answer 30

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Habitats can include:
- Micro habitats - eg Bacteria in sweat glands.
- Ecoregions are ecosystems covering large biogeographical areas

Question 31

What are old growth forests?

Answer 31

Ecologically mature forests that provide important habitats for many endangered species.

Question 32

What is a healthy soil and what are its benefits

Answer 32

Have a high biodiversity (bacteria, earthworms and microbes)
promotes health in plants, animals and humans. can aslo recover from stress and assist in nutrient cycling.

Question 33

What is the importance of coral reefs?

Answer 33

Supports many fish, invertebrate, plants, turtles, birds and marine animals. they protect coastlines from erosion and provide jobs and recreation.

Question 34

give an example of an interspecific hybrid that does not produce fertile offspring

Answer 34

mule, liger, equus, mulus

Question 35

what is stratified sampling

Answer 35

the breaking down of a large population into similar subgroups (strata) and collect random samples to represent the population

Question 36

what are examples of strata in a forest ecosystem

Answer 36

canopy, trunk, leaf litter, etc

Question 37

what is the purpose of stratified sampling

Answer 37

to make estimates about the population as a whole.
for example:
population density
distribution
affect of abiotic factors (e.g. altitude)
zonation (distance of beach from mangrove forest)
stratification (vertical zones: forest floor to canopy)

Question 38

how must site selection be used for stratified sampling

Answer 38

selected from each strata that represent larger population
randomisation used to reduce selection bias
ensure adequate number of samples
when sites are placed, should be clearly marked and location recorded so further surveys can determine change over time

Question 39

what are the types of surveying techniques and when should they be used

Answer 39

transects (line and belt): measure changes in distribution and abiotic factors over large areas
quadrats: measure density

Question 40

what are the ways to reduce bias in stratified sampling

Answer 40

-large sample sizes
-use random number generators to pick coordinates for quadrat and transect placements
-clear criteria for counting organisms (minimum height, etc.)
-regular calibration of equipment

Question 41

how should data be presented for stratified sampling?

Answer 41

-comprehensive as you may be unable to return to an area
-headings used for table determined by ecosystem type and aim of your study
- scale drawings of the profile (side view) of the vegetation along a transect
-appropriate graphical representations (e.g. scatter plot graphs)

Question 42

what is biodiversity?

Answer 42

biodiversity is the variety of organisms living within an ecosystem, including the diversity of ecosystems

Question 43

what are the types of biodiversity

Answer 43

genetic-variety of variations in a gene pool
species-variety of species in an ecosystem
ecosystem-variety of ecosystems and habitats in a region or biome

Question 44

how do environmental factors affect distribution in an ecosystem

Answer 44

species have a set of environmental conditions that they need to survive, and distribution is determined by these factors.

Question 45

what are some environmental factors limiting distribution

Answer 45

-climate (temperature, wind direction, salinity, etc)
-soil
-water quality
-air quality

Question 46

how is percentage cover estimated

Answer 46

estimating the percentage of each quadrat covered by a species by breaking it up into a smaller grid and determining how to count squares that are only partially covered (e.g. over 50%)

Question 47

how is percentage frequency calculated

Answer 47

quadrats are randomly selected and the number of quadrats containing the species is divided by the total number of quadrats taken

Question 48

what is species richness

Answer 48

the number of species in an area
does not include the populations of each species or their distribution

Question 49

what is species abundance

Answer 49

the number of a species in the ecosystem

Question 50

what is species evenness

Answer 50

the number of individuals of a species in relation to the total number of individuals of all species in the area

Question 51

what is used to calculate species evenness

Answer 51

shannon-wiener index (U3 T1 - 07 - calculating diversity)

Question 52

what is used to calculate species diversity

Answer 52

simpson’s diversity index (U3 T1 07 - calculating diversity)
0 - monoculture (one species)
1 - infinity diversity

Question 53

across which scales can ecosystems be compared

Answer 53

spatial and temporal
space and time