U3- Module 2: Considering Different Scales Flashcards
1
Q
Macromolecules
A
Large molecules with a very high molecular weight
2
Q
Micro molecules
A
Small molecules
3
Q
Intermolecular Forces
A
Interactions between different molecules
4
Q
Intramolecular Forces
A
Interactions within different parts of the same molecule
5
Q
What do properties in macromolecules depend on?
A
Their functionality and structure at different scales
6
Q
What are the most common type of macromolecules?
A
Polymers
7
Q
What are the two types of polymers?
A
- Natural
- Synthetic
8
Q
What are two examples of natural polymers?
A
- DNA
- Starch
9
Q
What are two examples of synthetic polymers?
A
- Poyethelene
- Nylon
10
Q
Polymers
A
Composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds
11
Q
Monomers
A
The base structural units that repeat in a polymer
- make polymers
12
Q
Addition Polymers
A
Long chain polymers made from unsaturated bonds that do not produce additional products (only add)
13
Q
What characteristic do the monomers that make up addition polymers have?
A
Double unsaturated bonds
14
Q
What does changing the atoms that are apart of the polymer chains do to the molecule?
A
Changes its physical properties from creating different intramolecular forces
15
Q
How do you write the structural formula of a polymer chain?
A
- Find the monomer/base unit of the chain
- Write the lewis structure by using the different bonds instead of separate elements
ex) CH2 - CH - CH3 - Put brackets around the structure
- Add straight lines where the chain would continue to repeat
- Add n in the bottom right outside to bracket
16
Q
What does “n” mean in the polymer chains?
A
The number of monomers in that chain
(hundreds or thousands)
17
Q
What two things should you make sure the line structures of a monomer have?
A
- The carbon double bond
- A bent structure to distinguish the same structure as the structural formula
18
Q
What are the steps to creating addition polymers from the monomers?
A
- Notice where the double bond is located
- Break the double bond apart into a lone electron pair.
- Separate the lone electrons and place them on either side of the single bond that is now present.
19
Q
What is the prediction of polymer physical properties facilitated by?
A
- Composition of atoms
- Structure of atoms
20
Q
What is the difference between the chain scale and monomeric scale?
A
Chain Scale: Large scale view looking at entire polymer chain or chains bonded together.
Monomeric Scale: Small scale view looking at different monomeric units
21
Q
What 2 characteristics have a high impact on the properties of polymer chains?
A
- IMFs
- Functional groups present
22
Q
What role do the presence of special atoms/functional groups play in a polymeric chain?
A
Affects how molecules of the materials interact with each other and with molecules of other substances
23
Q
How do you determine the polymermic chains with the strongest IMFs?
A
Determine the intermolecular forces present within the molecule.
- More bonds = stronger IMFs
(use IMF PED)
24
Q
Why do hydrogen bonds within polymer chains create the strongest IMFs?
A
When hydrogen bonds are present, there is a higher chance for hydrogen bonds to occur with outside molecules, in which H bonds are the strongest type of IMF.
25
Condensation Polymerization by Water Elimination
Monomers with two functional groups react to form and polymer and a product of H2O.
26
What is the product in addition polymers?
No product, only the polymer chain is formed.
27
Polyamides
Combines carboxylic acid and amine
28
What are the products of polyamides?
Polar bonds and H bonding
29
What are the physical characteristics of polyamides?
Rugged and strong
30
Polyesters
Combines carboxylic acid and alcohol
31
What are the products of polyesters?
Polar bonds
32
What are the physical characteristics of polyesters?
Fabrics
33
Why are polyamides stronger materials than polyesters?
Polyamides contain H bonds which create stronger IMFs than the IMFs present in polyesters.
34
Why does the composition of monomers in a polymer have a strong impact on its physical properties?
The same features are repeated multiple times along each polymeric chain.
35
What is nylon 6,6 an example of?
Condensation Polymerization by Water Elimination
36
How is water produced in condensation polymerization?
The bond between the amine and carboxylic acid produce H20, which later results in an amide and H2O
37
Why does nylon 6,6 have its name?
It has a chain of 6 repeating carbon atoms in between oxygen atoms, and 6 repeating carbon atoms in between nitrogen atoms.
38
Kevlar
A high strength material used to produce bike tires and body armor.
39
What is Kevlar considered?
A super polyamide
40
Super Polyamide
Very strong, non flexible polyamides
41
Why is Kevlar stronger than nylon 6,6?
Kevlar is made of repeating phenyl bonds.
Phenyls are less flexible than amines and carboxylic acid, as well as containing strong bonds due to large amounts of H atoms.
42
What polymers are most likely to be soluble with water?
Those that contain OH bonds and are polar molecules
- "Like dissolves like"
43
What two characteristics matter in determining physical properties?
Size and Scale
44
What impact does branching have on the polymer chains?
It prevents the polymer chains from packing closely together and bonding with other molecules, due to not having a flat structure.
45
What varies due to the length and branching of polymers?
The intermolecular forces that can occur between polymers.
46
What two things are used in polymer synthesis to control material properties?
1. Chain length
2. Branching
47
What is the relationship between length of a polymer chain and melting points?
Longer polymers have higher melting points due to more areas of contact with other molecules.
48
What is the relationship between shape and densities of polymer chains?
Linear polymer chains have higher densities because they are able to interact with more molecules due to larger surface area.
49
What is the relationship between the presence of short branches on polymer chains and viscosity?
The presence of short branches lowers viscosity because the chains slide over each other and do not get tangled.
50
What is the relationship between the presence of long branches on polymer chains and viscosity?
Long branches increase viscosity because more entanglement occurs between molecules.
51
In a low density molecule, what type of branching would the molecule have?
No/very short branching because branching decreases density
- Pack more efficiently
52
Plasticizers
Small molecules added to polymers to make them softer
= more plastic
53
How do plasticizers work?
They are small molecules that embed themselves in between the polymer chains, causing them to space more out.
54
Cross Linking Agents
Molecules that chemically react with polymer chains, forming covalent bonds that connect the chains together permanently.
55
What atoms are commonly used as cross-linking agents?
Sulfur atoms
56
What type of force is stronger in straight molecules compared to more branched molecules?
Dispersion forces
- Molecules are more close together
57
What do long flat chains form?
Crystallized areas of polymer
58
What are common characteristics of crystallized areas?
- Very solid
- Highly packed
- Highly Dense
= Higher melting point
59
What do shorter and more branched chains often result in?
Polymers that are weaker because the IMFs between chains are weaker.
60
What causes the physical differences between two molecules that derived from the same structure?
Different additives that have various bonds and structures
61
What is the relationship between strength of structure and melting point in a substance?
A more structured substance has stronger IMFs, resulting in higher melting points compared to more flexible substances.
62
Additives
Substances added to change the properties of polymeric materials
63
What different effects do plasticizers and cross linking agents have on the melting point?
Cross linking:
Increases melting point by adding in more covalent bonds.
Plasticizers:
Decreases melting point by spacing out the links in a polymeric chain.
64
What do plasticizers improve?
The flexibility of the molecule
65
Vulcanization
The cross linking process of adding sulfur to a polymer chain to strengthen it.
66
What environments do more stable structures perform better under?
High temperature environments
- Have higher boiling points
67
What process happens when you make slime with borax solution?
Adding the borax allows boric acid to increase the number of hydrogen bonds in the PVA, which strengthens the molecules, causing it to form together rather than be all liquidy.
68
What is the order of INTRAmolecular forces from strongest to weakest?
1. Covalent Bonding
2. Ionic Bonding
3. Metallic Bonding
69
What is the order of INTERmolecular forces from strongest to weakest?
1. Ion-Dipole
2. Hydrogen Bonding
3. Dipole-Dipole
4. Dispersion
70
Ion Dipole Bond
An Ion (charged particle) bonds with a polar molecule (water).
71
Proteins
Natural polymers made by the combination of amino acids
72
What are the monomers in a protein?
Amino Acids
73
What process creates proteins?
Condensation Reactions
74
How are amino acids made?
An amine, carboxylic acid, and R group (side chain) combine to create peptide bonds and water.
75
How many versions of R groups can be used to make amino acids?
20
76
What do you need to analyze in the peptide bond to determine the different amino acid functional groups?
An N-C-C structure
- analyze the functional groups attached/created from this order
77
What does every protein have?
A primary structure
78
Primary Structure of Protein
A unique sequence of amino acids
79
What creates the 3D structure that a protein adopts?
The backbone of the protein with peptide bonds and side chain interactions
80
How do group proteins organize themselves?
Organize themselves in terms of different IMFs to allow for as many sections of interactions as possible.
81
What is the first thing protein molecules do when they are 1st created?
Unfold themselves within the cell.
82
What do the different ways in folding result in?
Different structures/types of proteins
83
Why do proteins normally fold in the same way everytime?
The molecular interactions attract certain areas together and repel other areas.
84
What do proteins begin to have when in contact with water?
Ideal structures based on their molecular interactions.
85
What are the INTERmolecular forces occurring between with a protein?
Between protein and water
86
What are the INTRAmolecular forces occurring between with a protein?
Between the different amino acids along the backbone (on side chain)
87
What do the interactions between amino acids lead to?
A specific structural order that is energetically stable in the environment.
88
Is unfolding or folding of a protein more energetically stable and why?
Folding of a protein
- Have lower free energy levels because the hydrophobic portion of the molecules are not exposed to polar environments.
89
When is the potential energy minimized in a molecule?
When parts with interactions of similar strength are close together
- bond and come closer together
90
How do the different parts of a protein fold together?
Nonpolar/Dispersion fold together
Polar/Ionic fold together
- Dipole Dipole and H bonding
91
Why can proteins not exist isolated outside of our bodies?
They have to be constantly surrounded by water or lipids in the cell membranes
92
What happens to the folding of the polar side of a molecule when it is exposed to water and oil environments?
Water: Folds out towards the water due to having polar bonds
Oil: Folds in away from the oil due to the environment being nonpolar but the molecule being polar
93
What happens to the folding of the nonpolar side of a molecule when it is exposed to water and oil environments?
Water: Folds in away from the water due to the environment being polar but the molecule being polar
Oil: Folds out towards the oil due to having nonpolar bonds.
94
What INTERmolecular forces are most common in polar areas of molecules?
Ion-Dipole
Dipole-Dipole
H Bondings
95
What INTERmolecular forces are most common in nonpolar areas of molecule?
Dispersion
96
What is the goal of protein folding?
To create the most stable and energy conserving structure
97
What group do fats belong to?
Triglycerides
98
Triglycerides
A group of compounds known to include fats
99
What are the two types of fats?
1. Saturated
2. Unsaturated
100
Saturated Fats
No double bonds are present between carbons in the non-polar tail of fats (triglyceride)
101
Unsaturated Fats
At least one double bond between carbon atoms is present in the non-polar tail of fats
102
How are triglycerals made?
The Glycerol reacts with 3 fatty acids to form an ester connection
103
What end of the fat is polar?
The glycerol end
104
What end of the fat is nonpolar?
The triglyceral tail end (hydrocarbon)
105
Explain the reaction in creating an ester in fat?
carboxylic acid and alcohol react
= ester and H20 (condensation reaction)
106
Fatty Acid
Long nonpolar tail
107
What is the state of mater for saturated fats at room temperature?
Solid
108
What is the state of matter for unsaturated fats at room temperature?
Liquid
109
What are the two types of bonds in unsaturated fats?
1. Cis
2. Trans
110
Cis Unsaturated Bonds
The hydrogens are on the same side as the carbon double bond.
111
Trans Unsaturated Bonds
The hydrogens are on opposite sides as the carbon double bond.
112
What do the structures of Cis and Trans fats look like?
Cis: Bent structure due to hydrogens being on the same side.
Trans: Straight structure.
113
What effect does the length of hydrocarbon chains have on the density, melting point, and dispersion forces of a molecule?
The longer the length, the higher the density, melting point, and more dispersion forces between molecules
= More surface area for molecular connection
114
What effect does the degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds) have on the density, melting point, and dispersion forces of a molecule?
The more double bonds present, the lower the density, meting point, and less dispersion forces between molecules.
= Creates a more bent structure that limits the amount of bonds between molecules.
115
What effect do the types of saturated bonds have on the density, melting point, and dispersion forces of a molecule?
Cis:
- Double bonds decrease the density, melting point, and number of dispersion forces.
Trans:
- Single bonds increase the density, melting point, and number of dispersion forces.
= more structured
116
What happens to the nonpolar tail end of a fat when surrounded by water?
The nonpolar tail bonds closer together with itself due to not wanting to interact with the environment
117
What differences can be present within hydrocarbon chains of lipids?
1. Lengths
2. Types of fat (saturated, unsaturated)
118
What are fats a type of?
Lipid
119
What do you get when you remove one of the triglyceride groups in a triglyceride?
You get a phospholipid
120
Phospholipid
Polar phosphate groups arranged as bilayers (2 molecules thick)
121
How does the lipid bilayer form?
The phosphates (polar molecules) are on the outside while the hydrocarbons are on the inside because they are nonpolar
122
Which functional groups are common to all amino acids?
1. Amines (NH2)
2. Carboxylic Acid (COOH)
123
What factor of the hydrocarbon tails should be present in a structure that is more fluid and has a lower melting point?
Unsaturated Cis
- Bends decrease the melting point and increase fluidity
124
What are the 3 factors that affect all properties of a polymer?
1. Chain length
2. Intermolecular forces present
3. Extent of chain branching
125
Secondary Protein Structure
The local folding structure of the protein based on the hydrogen bonds on the backbone.
126
What are the two kinds of secondary protein structures?
1. A Helix
2. B Sheet
127
A Helix
A spiral folding shape
128
What causes A Helix to form?
The backbone section N-H forms a hydrogen bond with the C=O section in the chain.
129
What intermolecular forces are used to create the primary structure of a protein?
Covalent and dispersion forces to connect the different bonds.
130
What are both secondary protein structures stabilized by?
Amine and carbonyl groups on the proteins backbone.
131
Tertiary Structure of Protein
The 3D structure folding of the chain is complete by interactions between amino acid side chains.
132
What does the tertiary structure of proteins display?
How the A-Helix and B-Sheets are arranged in space.
133
What portion of the chain stabilizes the tertiary protein shape?
The side chains
134
How does the tertiary structure of proteins make them specific?
Due to the different interactions between side chains and functional groups in each chain.
135
Quaternary Protein Structure
The arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains (single chains) into a single, complex protein.
136
What does each separate subunit in the quaternary protein structure have?
Their own tertiary structure that interacts with other tertiary structures to create the formal protein.
137
Explain the connection between tertiary and quaternary structures in terms of a puzzle.
Tertiary: The puzzle pieces
Quaternary: The puzzle put together
138
Micelles
Tiny lipid cleansing molecules that are suspended in water.
139
How do micelles work?
The inner nonpolar portion of the lipid bilayer attracts the oil to it, which takes the oil off the face.
140
What type of structure do micelles have?
Lipid Bilayer
- hydrophobic tail points in
- hydrophilic head points out
141
