U3 Aos2 - How do people learn and remember?

Question 1

“Learning” definition

Answer 1

described as a process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioural responses

Question 2

Behaviourist approaches to learning

Answer 2

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

INVOLUNTARY behavioural responses to stimuli that have been repeatedly associated with harmful stimuli in the past

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

VOLUNTARY behavioural responses based on past association with either gaining a pleasant stimulus or avoiding a negative stimulus

Question 5

“Unconditioned”

Answer 5

Responses that are not learned (natural, expected or normal)

Question 6

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

a biologically significant stimulus (food) that naturally causes a reflex response

Question 7

Unconditioned response

Answer 7

a specific INVOLUNTARY response that occurs to a specific biologically significant stimulus (salivation due to food)

Question 8

Neutral stimulus

Answer 8

a stimulus that does not naturally cause a reflex response

Question 9

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

is a previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to cause a reflex response through its associated response with the UCS

Question 9

Conditioned response

Answer 9

is a reflex response to a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the UCS that would usually cause it (only in “after” conditioning)

Question 10

Operant conditioning

Answer 10

a form of associative learning in which the learner learns association between voluntary behaviour and rewarding or punishing consequences

Question 11

Positive reinforcement

Answer 11

a rewarding stimulus is ADDED due to behaviour (lolly for going to the toilet)

Question 12

Negative reinforcement

Answer 12

an unpleasant stimulus is REMOVED as a result of behaviour (putting on sunscreen to avoid getting sunburnt)

Question 13

Positive punishment

Answer 13

an unpleasant stimulus is ADDED as a result of behaviour (detention for late homework)

Question 14

Negative punishment

Answer 14

a rewarding stimulus is REMOVED due to behaviour (can’t see friends due to bad behaviour)