U3 AOS1 SAC1 T1

Question 1

WHAT IS THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION, and specify what units each of the values should be in?

Answer 1

PV=nRT, P=kPa, V= in L, n=mol, R=8.31, T=Kelvin.

Question 2

If we took a 1L vessel cointaining O2 gas , another 1l vessel cointaining a different gas ( say N2 gas) , and a third vessel cointaing a mixture of 02 and N2 gasses , all at the same tempurature and pressure, the amount of gas molecules in each vessel would be would be?

Answer 2

The same number of molecules in each vessel.

Question 3

What are the 2 standard laboratory conditions (SLC)?

Answer 3

25 deg celicus AND 100kPa.

Question 4

In energy profiles, Chemical Energy is also known as?

Answer 4

Chemical energy is also known as Enthalpy.

Question 5

In energy profiles, Thermal Energy is also known as?

Answer 5

Thermal energy is also known as Heat.

Question 6

Activation Energy?

Answer 6

This is the minimum amount of energy needed to break the bonds in reactions, and therefore commence the reaction. It is depicted by EA on the energy profile diagram.

Question 7

Exothermic Reaction?

Answer 7

This is when there has been a net realsea of enegry byt the reaxtants. This is because the enegty realsed during the breaking of the reactants is lower than the enegry used when the bonds in the products are formed- This is why excess enegry is realsed.

Question 8

Endothermic Reaction?

Answer 8

This is where there has been a net absorbption of enegry by the reactants. Ths is because the enegry realsed during the breaking of the reactants is higher than the enegry used when the bonds in the products are formed- This is why additional enegry needs to be absorebed.

Question 9

How To Know If The Reaction Is Endothermic Or Exothermic, Using (^H)- delta H?

Answer 9

If ^H is positive then it is a a enothermic reaction.
If ^H is negative then it is a exothermic reaction.

Question 10

In The enegry profile for an exothermic reaction is the slope going up and then it platous or is it going down and then it platuies?a

Answer 10

It is going down and then it platuoues.

Question 11

In The enegry profile for an endothermic reaction is the slope going up and then it platous or is it going down and then it platuies?a

Answer 11

It is going up and then it platuoues.

Question 12

In enegry profiles for both (exo and endo)-thermic reactions, what are the labels of the (X and Y)- Axis?

Answer 12

X-AXIS=Time.
Y-AXIS=H(enthalpy).

Question 13

How to convert from ml to kL?

Answer 13

x 10^(FROM-TO)

Question 14

Definition of a fuel?

Answer 14

A substance that burns in air or oxygen to release a usable amount of energy.

Question 15

What are the two different types of fuel and state some examples for each?

Answer 15

• Fossil Fuels ( Non-renewable)= methane,diesel and octane.
• Biofuels ( Renewable)= Biogas,Bioethanol,Biodiesel.

Question 16

Define “Non Renewable fuel”.

Answer 16

A Non- Renewable Fuel is one that is:

• Not able to be replenished at a rate similar
  to which they are being used, thus they are
  finite.

Question 17

Define “Renewable fuel”.

Answer 17

Define “Renewable fuel”

• Able to be replenished at a rate similar
  to which they are being used.

Question 18

What is involved in “Renewable fuel’s”/how are they made/what are they made from, AND INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE.

Answer 18

• Often involves the breakdown of
  plant/animal material as a basis for the fuel.
• Bioethanol(Fermentation Of Glucose).

Question 19

Is “Natural Gas” a renewable fuel.

Answer 19

No natural gas is not a renewable fuel.

Question 20

What is the main benefit of “ Biofuels and Carbon Neutrality”.

Answer 20

Overall though, there is less/lower net release of CO2 into the atmosphere and reduced impact on atmospheric C02.

Question 21

Define “ Biofuels”.

Answer 21

• Is a fuel sourced directly from organic matter/biomass in the form of plant materials such as sugarcane.

Question 22

Explain/Why is the FUEL X obtained from biogas a better choice than FUEL X obtained from fossil fuels.

Answer 22

• Fuel x from biogas is renewable , while Fuel x from fossil fuels is non renewable .
• Fuel x from biogas releases less net CO2 to the atmosphere than fuel x from fossil fuels.

Question 23

Biogas is a mixture of.

Answer 23

• Biogas is a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter.

Question 24

List some examples of organic matter that can be used to produce biogas?

Answer 24

Algae, crops and wood.

Question 25

Biodiesel is also known as.

Answer 25

Methyl-esters

Question 26

Transesterification reaction involves and what are its resulting products.

Answer 26

- An alcohol usually methanol is added to the triglyceride and with a catalyst such a potassium hydroxide. The reaction is used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and is called a transesterification reaction. - The resulting products are a mixture of biodiesel ( methyl-esters)molecules and glycerol.

Question 27

List the fuels for the body.

Answer 27

Carbohydrates, Lipids( Fats and oils), Proteins.

Question 28

"Fats and oils" are also called.

Answer 28

Lipids.

Question 29

ethanol energy content =-1370kj/mol what would be the energy content per gram.

Answer 29

=1370/mr of ethanol = 1370/mr = 29.73 kJ/g

Question 30

Another chemical term for combustion is.

Answer 30

Oxidation.

Question 31

Equation for photosynthesis, type of reaction and purpose.

Answer 31

6co2(g)+6h20(I)------>c6h12o6(aq)+6o2(g) - Type of reaction: Endothermic (absorbs energy from sunlight). - Purpose: Converts solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

Question 32

Equation for oxidation of glucose.

Answer 32

- Same as photosynthesis and same state symbols but it is the reverse reaction so it starts with c6h1206(aq)+602(g)---->...... - Type of reaction: Exothermic (releases energy). - Purpose: Releases chemical energy stored in glucose for cellular processes.

Question 33

Why is water required for both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Answer 33

- Photosynthesis: Water is required to donate electrons and protons in the light-dependent reactions, crucial for ATP and NADPH production. - Cellular Respiration: Water is produced when oxygen accepts electrons and protons in the electron transport chain to maintain the flow of electrons and facilitate ATP production.

Question 34

What is required for both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Answer 34

Water.

Question 35

Examples of exothermic reactions.

Answer 35

Combustion reaction, Cellular respiration.

Question 36

Examples of endothermic reactions.

Answer 36

Ice-pack reaction, dissolving substances and photosynthesis.

Question 37

If the products in a combustion reaction are both Co2 and Co, then is the reaction complete or incomplete combustion.

Answer 37

Incomplete-combustion.

Question 38

Where are the formulas for fatty acids found in the data-booklet.

Answer 38

Pg.18

Question 39

What are the two different types of calorimeters and what are they used for.

Answer 39

- Solution Calorimeter: A type of simple calorimeter used to measure heat changes in reactions occurring in solution, such as dissolution, precipitation, or neutralization reactions. - Bomb Calorimeter: Used to measure heat released during the combustion of a substance.

Question 40

Calorimetry Definition

Answer 40

Is The experimental method of measuring the heat energy released or absorbed by a reaction or physical process, such as by the combustion of a fuel or food.

Question 41

What is the biggest inaccuracy in simple calorimetry.

Answer 41

Heat loss due to the environment is the biggest source of inaccuracy in results obtained.

Question 42

Sig fig rules

Answer 42

Lowest number in the numbers given in the question prompt or if you minus something and if that value has lower sig figs then that is the correct amount of sig figs you are suppose to answer to.

Question 43

Name the molecule required and the process needed to produce bioethanol from cellulose.

Answer 43

Glucose is the molecule required and fermentation is the process required.

Question 44

How to answer " How can you overcome/minimise these errors( random errors) for calorimetry.

Answer 44

- You can overcome/minimise these errors through repetition ( if calorimetry has only been done once). - Use a digital thermometer – A more precise temperature probe minimizes reading uncertainties.

Question 45

Comment on the reliability of the data.

Answer 45

Yes/No the data is/isn't reliable as there is only one set of data collected ( not reliable) or there were multiple sets of data collected (reliable).

Question 46

Common errors associated with bomb calorimeters.

Answer 46

- Heat Loss to the Surroundings – Although a bomb calorimeter is well insulated, some heat may still escape, leading to underestimation of energy released. - Incomplete Combustion – If the substance does not completely combust, less heat is released than expected, resulting in lower enthalpy values.

Question 47

Common errors associated with solution calorimeters.

Answer 47

- Heat Loss to the Surroundings – Incomplete insulation can cause heat to escape, leading to underestimation of the enthalpy change. - Incomplete Reaction – If the reaction does not go to completion, the measured heat change will not represent the full enthalpy change.

Question 48

How to answer "Identify one systematic error that applies only to the electrical method of calibration."

Answer 48

- Equipment errors and calibration incorrect calibration of equipment are some examples that can be used.

Question 49

Suggest one reason as to why the chip was grounded to fine powder before being ignited in the calorimeter chamber.

Answer 49

- To increase the surface area and make the chip more easily combustible.

Question 50

Explain whether it is better to use a spirit burner or a calorimeter to determine the enthalpy of a substance. Justify your answer.

Answer 50

- A calorimeter is better than a spirit burner as it minimizes heat loss, reducing systematic errors. This ensures greater accuracy in enthalpy determination.

Question 51

Give two advantages of burning Bioethanol.

Answer 51

- Reduced reliance on fossil fuels. - Lower emissions of some pollutants.

Question 52

Glucose can be classified as.

Answer 52

- An organic compound.

Question 53

Photosynthesis in plants occurs when light energy is.

Answer 53

- Absorbed.

Question 54

Cellular respiration is an example of ( xyz reaction).

Answer 54

- Oxidation reaction and exothermic reaction.

Question 55

State and explain two advantages of using/burning bioethanol.

Answer 55

- Advantage 1: Reduced reliance on fossil fuels Bioethanol is a renewable fuel, reducing dependence on finite fossil fuels like coal and oil, ensuring a more sustainable energy supply. - Advantage 2: Lower emissions of some pollutants Bioethanol burns cleaner, emitting fewer pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter, which reduces air pollution and health risks.

Question 56

What is one thing you have to refer to in a renewability/non-renewable question.

Answer 56

Rate of replenishment.

Question 57

What is the main composition of petrol.

Answer 57

Octane.

Question 58

Equation for the fermentation of glucose.

Answer 58

c6h12o6(aq)------yeast on arrow> 2c2h5oh(I)+2co2(g).

Question 59

Provide an example of how bioethanol is being used in the transport industry in Australia.

Answer 59

In fuel blends such as e10.

Question 60

Justify what would happen to the delta T of the water if h20(g) was a product instead of h2o(I) during the combustion of the natural gas/ any substance/gas/fuel/anything/whatever.

Answer 60

If h20(g) is a product then energy is required to evaporate the water, thus less energy from gas. Hence if energy has been lost to evaporate water then less energy released , thus Delta T is lower.

Question 61

One main concern for the usage of biofuels in society.

Answer 61

Biofuels=require available land to produce required biomass, however this land is also needed to grow crops and thus creates a conflict as to what the land should be used for.