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Biology 3/4 > U3 AOS1 > Flashcards

U3 AOS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Amino Acid

A

Monomers that make up proteins. Connected by peptide bonds.
Consist of
- carboxyl group
- amino group
- variable R group

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2
Q

Translation

A

make proteins at ribosomes using instructions on mRNA
Steps:
- mRNA to the ribosome
- tRNA brings amino acid, and attaches to mRNA with anti-codon
- each new amino acid bonds to each other (peptide bond)
- mRNA goes all the way through, stop codon, new polypeptide disconnects and starts folding

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3
Q

Protein

A

organic compound consisting of amino acid chains connected by peptide bonds

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4
Q

polymerase

A

an enzyme that catalyses the formation of nucleic acids
- DNA polymerase
- RNA polymerase

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5
Q

Vector

A

a tool to put something into something else, e.g. a plasmid

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6
Q

Transformed bacteria

A

bacteria that have a plasmid inserted into it, the plasmid can be used to insert genes into bacteria.

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7
Q

Plasmid

A

circular piece of DNA found in a prokaryote and can contain genes.
- Bacteria exchange them through horizontal gene transfer

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8
Q

Endonucleases

A

Restriction enzymes— cut DNA at very specific points (restriction sites)
- sticky end, have an overhanging sequence
- blunt end

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9
Q

DNA Ladder

A

predetermined DNA sample to use as a reference to compare the samples in gel electrophoresis against

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10
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

A method for separating molecules based on size/charge/weight
mostly but not solely used on DNA

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11
Q

Steps of PCR

A
  1. Denaturation (95º) hydrogen bonds are broked due to heat. DNA is now single stranded
  2. Annealing (50-60º) primers bind to single stranded DNA (polymerase won’t bind to only 1 strand)
  3. Extention (72º, optimal taq polymerase temperature) maks a copy of the DNA starting from the primers. 5’ to 3’ direction.
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12
Q

What is PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction. A process for replicating a section of DNA many times (DNA amplification)

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13
Q

Recombinant plasmid

A

a plasmid with DNA artificially inserted into it. put into bacteria either by heat shocking or electrocuting the bacteria.

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14
Q

Cas9

A

the endonuclease. Part of RNA from CRISPR ‘guide RNA’, in nature there are two parts to the guide RNA, artificially a single unit sgRNA is used.
- protospacer is the part that will match to the target, approx. 20bp.
- matches to sequence next to PAM (protospacer adjascent motif)
- cuts DNA blunt end

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15
Q

CRISPR

A

Cluster of Reglularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
- a part off the circular chromosome in prokaryotes that has collected pieces of viral DNA

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16
Q

CRISPR- Cas9

A

An endonuclease where the restriction site can be modified, and is escpecially long, approx. 20bp

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17
Q

DNA profiling

A

examins short tandem repeats (STR), regions of nosn- coding DNA between genes, they are highly variable so if many are analysed it is unlikely they will be the same between people.

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18
Q

GMO vs. Transgenic

A

GMO— organism with modified DNA
Transgenic— organism with DNA from a different species in it.

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19
Q

Reporter Genes

A

Artificially inserted into plasmids to easily see if they have been uptaken by bacteria.
at least 2 are necessary
1. to see if plasmid has been uptaken by bacteria
2. to break with new DNA inserted into plasmid

20
Q

Ligase

A

catalyses phosphodiester bonds, sticks them back together.

21
Q

non- malegicence

A

avoid causation of harm

22
Q

beneficence

A

commitment to maximising benifits and minimising risks and harms

23
Q

justice

A

moral obligation towards fairness for all groups. A fair distribution of benefits and lack of unfair burden

24
Q

Integrity

A

honesty in reporting and communication of results in ways that permit scrutiny

25
Q

virtues based approach

A

person rather than action-based. morality of character. What would a good person do?

26
Q

Duty-/rules-based approach

A

concerned with the means, how people act, regardless of consequence.
- certain ethical rules must be followed. e.g. law, religious teachings

27
Q

consequence-based approach

A

central importance on minimisation of harm and maximising positive outcomes.
- if consequences of an action: good>bad then it is ethical

28
Q

respect

A

value living things, respect; liberty, welfare, beliefs/heritige. of both the individual and the collective

28
Q

secondary structure

A

folding of amino acid chain, held together with hydrogen bonds.
Types:
- Alpha helix
- beta pleated sheet
- random coil

29
Q

tRNA

A

transport RNA. Transfers amino acids to ribosomes for making proteins. has 3 bases (anti-codon) that is complementary to mRNA codons.

30
Q

denaturing

A

break hydrogen bonds, etc. Breaks protein shape and therefore its function.
Because:
- temperature
- pH
- cofactors

31
Q

Triplets/codons

A

3 bases code for 1 amino acid.
it is degenerate because multiple codons code for the same amino acid sequence, this leads to redundancy.

32
Q

Primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds (with the carboxyl and amino groups) Codon: bits of DNA that code for an amino acid.

33
Q

peptide bond

A

made by condensation polymerisation reactions.
carboxyl and amino groups leading to a peptide bond and water

34
Q

gene expression

A

start with a gene, end with a protein. The formation of proteins using the instructions from a gene
1. transcription—nucleus
2. RNA processing— nucleus
3. translation —cytosol

35
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA. makes up the structure of ribosomes

36
Q

RNA processing

A

mRNA altered by the spliceosome which cuts out introns and then reconnects exons in various orders (alternative splicing) and adds a metholated cap (5’) and poly-a tail (3’). This makes the mRNA stable and mature.

37
Q

Transcription

A

production of mRNA
- RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter region
- the polymerase then moves along the template strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction
- this process creates a complementary strand of mRNA

38
Q

mRNA

A

messanger RNA, takes the information from the DNA to the ribosomes, it is made by RNA polymerase

39
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

Pyrimidines (single ringed)
- cytosine
- thymine/uracil
Purines (oule ringed)
- Guanine
-Adenine.
C,G has 3 hydrogen bonds
A, T/U has 2 hydrogen bonds

40
Q

secretory pathway

A

-proteins synthesised by ribosomes on r.e.r.
- moves through r.e.r.
-mdified often by addition of carbohydrates
- goes into a vesicle, moves to cis face of the golgi
- in golgi further modified
- exocytosis

41
Q

nucleic acids

A

monomers that make up RNA/DNA
joined by phosphodiester bonds.
Components
- Phosphate group
- nitrogenous base
- and deoxy/ribose sugar

42
Q

proteome

A

complete set of proteins in an organism

43
Q

quaternary structure

A

multiple polypeptides ( and or prosthetic groups) that form 1 protein. This is not present in all proteins

44
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D structure formed by R group interactions. The function is formed by structure

Biology 3/4 (4 decks)

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