U2T7 - Plant & Animal Kingdoms

Question 1

What are the characteristics of plants?

Answer 1

Multicellular, have eukaryotic cells with cellulose cell walls, feed by photosynthesis using chlorophyll in chloroplasts so are autotrophs. Show differentiation with cell in diff plant parts specialised for spec functions.

Question 2

Describe the main features of division bryophyta.

Answer 2

Don’t have true leaves/stems, leaves are haploid + not homologous. Cuticle + stomata in sporophyte capsules. Multicellular shows adaptation to terrestrial life, no true vascular tissues (lack xylem + phloem). No vascular tissue to offer support in moss so support due to turgor in cells. Limited dispersal + size.

Question 3

What are the adaptations of tracheophytes to life on land?

Answer 3

Have true roots, stems + leaves. Waterproof waxy cuticle which reduces water loss. Fine control over stomata. Partially lignified vascular system providing mechanical support + transporting water + nutrients between roots + leaves. Larger, more complex body than bryophytes. Life cycle has alternation of generations in which diploid sporophyte is dom gen + gametophyte represented by prothallus or by contents of developing spores.

Question 4

Give examples of tracheophytes.

Answer 4

Pteridophytes (ferns), spermatophytes (angiosperms/flowering plants)

Question 5

What are the characteristics of phylum cnidaria?

Answer 5

Diploblastic animals with little differentiation. Body supported by aqueous medium + hydrostatic skeleton formed by fluid filled enteron, multicellular, have nematoblasts, radially symmetrical + have tentacles. Restricted to aqueous medium as have no means of restricting water loss across their body surface.

Question 6

Give examples of cnidarians.

Answer 6

Sea anemones, jellyfish, corals + hydra.

Question 7

Describe the bodies of cnidarians.

Answer 7

Soft bodied. Exist in 2 forms (polyp/medusa).

Question 8

Describe the feeding of earthworms (annelida)

Answer 8

Detritivores. Have coelom + through gut. Allows diff gut regions to carry out diff digestive functions, improving efficiency. Extracellular digestion, nutrients distributed by well developed circulatory system.

Question 9

Describe the feeding of platyhelminthes.

Answer 9

Normally detritivores but few active predators. Single opening to gut (mouth), nutrients distributed by extensions of gut throughout body, initial extracellular digestion but completed intracellularly.

Question 10

What is true of the development of all animals except sponges + cnidarians?

Answer 10

Develop from 3 layered embryo + are triploblastic. Cnidarians have tissue level of organisation while rest have organ level.

Question 11

Describe the feeding of chordates.

Answer 11

Mammals may be active predators, omnivores or herbivores. Gut has mouth + anus + consists of well developed specialised regions. Digestion extracellular.

Question 12

Describe the evolutionary trends in kingdom animalia.

Answer 12

Radial to bilateral symmetry, enteron gut cavity with 1 opening to through gut with mouth + anus, development of internal circulatory systems, rigid skeletons + impermeable body coverings.

Question 13

Why would animals have evolved from radial to bilateral symmetry?

Answer 13

Radial more evident in sedentary groups. As groups more complex, more movement poss so bilateral more evident. Allows presence of posterior + anterior ends + ventral + dorsal sides (front + back)

Question 14

Why would animals have evolved from enteron gut cavity with 1 opening to through gut with mouth + anus?

Answer 14

Develop of more advanced digestive systems with regional specialisation allows for more efficient feeding + digestion.

Question 15

Why would animals have developed internal circulatory systems etc?

Answer 15

Important for life on land.

Question 16

What are the 2 major plant groups?

Answer 16

Bryophytes + tracheophytes

Question 17

Describe the reproduction of mosses.

Answer 17

Produce spores at end of stalk that lifts spore producing capsule above ground so spores dispersed by wind currents. Stalk has stomata + cuticle giving protection. Germinate if moist, partially resistant to desiccation.

Question 18

Describe the reproduction of ferns.

Answer 18

Disperse spores that germinate in damp conditions. Not highly resistant to desiccation. Restricts their dispersal.

Question 19

Describe the reproduction of flowering plants.

Answer 19

Have flowers as repro structures + produce seeds.

Question 20

How are flowering plants adapted to terrestrial life?

Answer 20

Complex root systems, extensive xylem to provide more support. Seeds have tough outer coat to protect against desiccation + can be dispersed in hostile environments to be dormant but viable until environment is suitable. Adapted for dispersal by wind, animal or explosive mechanism.

Question 21

What is interesting about xylem + trees?

Answer 21

Trees are over 95% xylem (wood). In older trees, most of it doesn’t transport water and is purely supportive, allowing them to grow taller.

Question 22

What are the different groups in classification?

Answer 22

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species/

Question 23

What are some examples of Platyhelminthes?

Answer 23

Planarians + liver flukes.

Question 24

What is the advantage of bilateral symmetry?

Answer 24

Animals have front where sensory receptors can be positioned, allowing them to test environment. Streamlined shape makes movement easier.

Question 25

What is the advantage of dorso-ventral flattening in Platyhelminthes?

Answer 25

Increases O2 uptake as high SA:V ratio + decreases diffusion distance from body surface to cells.

Question 26

What are some examples of annelids?

Answer 26

Earthworms, leeches + lugworms.

Question 27

Why is it an advantage to have a coelom?

Answer 27

Ratio of SA : metabolically active tissue increased. Fluid filled spaces function as hydrostatic skeleton. Locomotive muscles separate from gut muscles, allowing movement + peristaltic gut movements to occur independently. Provides room for organ development.

Question 28

What are some examples of chordates?

Answer 28

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds + mammals.

Question 29

What are the main groups of chordates?

Answer 29

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds + mammals.

Question 30

What is an advantage of radial symmetry?

Answer 30

Gives sessile organisms living in open opportunity to obtain food from all directions.

Question 31

Why did evolution go from solid tissue between body surface and gut to cavities?

Answer 31

Reduces amount of metabolically active tissue per unit volume.

Question 32

Describe 2 evolutionary changes in animals.

Answer 32

Development of metameric segmentation in annelids, arthropods + chordates. Development of 1 way gut instead of gut cavity or gut with 1 opening.