U203 Environmental Sustainability

Question 1

types of environmental inputs

Answer 1

renewable resources
non - renewable resources
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES

Question 2

renewable resources

Answer 2

RENEWABLE RESOURCES FOUND IN NATURE THAT CAN BE REPLENISHED OR REPLACED OVER A FAIRLY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.

EG; PLANTS AND ANIMALS, SOLAR/WIND ENERGY.

Question 3

non - renewable resources

Answer 3

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES OR INPUTS THAT CANNOT BE READILY REPLACED ONCE THEY HAVE BEEN USED UP. THEY TAKE MILLIONS OF YEARS AND SPECIAL GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS FOR THEIR FORMATION

EG; MINERALS, OIL, COAL AND IRON ORE

Question 4

environmental resources

Answer 4

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES THAT MAKE THE EARTH UNIQUE AND SUPPORT LIFE AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES.

EG; STABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, CLEAN AIR, UNPOLLUTED OCEANS AND RIVERS, VIGOROUS NATURAL FORESTS,

Question 5

ENVIRO RESOURCES ARE KNOWN AS……

Answer 5

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES ARE USUALLY FREE
UNLIKE OTHER RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES ARE USUALLY FREE INPUTS THAT
CAN BE USED BY ANYONE.

THIS LEADS TO THEIR OVERUSE, ABUSE AND EVENTUALLY, DEPLETED QUANTITY AND QUALITY.
THESE RESOURCES ARE KNOWN AS PUBLIC OR COMMON ACCESS RESOURCES

Question 6

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON ACCESS RESOURCES

Answer 6

NOT OWNED BY ANYONE* AND THUS DO NOT HAVE A MARKET PRICE.

THEY ARE NON-EXCLUDABLE - ANYONE CAN USE/CONSUME THEM WITHOUT PAYING I.E FREE

BUT THEY ARE RIVALROUS – IF USED/CONSUMED, ANOTHER CANNOT.

Question 7

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Answer 7

‘THE RATES OF HARVESTING RENEWABLE RESOURCES, CREATING POLLUTION, AND DEPLETING NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES AS A RESULT OF INCREASING ECONOMIC PROSPERITY THAT CAN BE CONTINUED INDEFINITELY INTO THE FUTURE’.

‘RESPONSIBLE INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT TO AVOID DEPLETION OR DEGRADATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ALLOW FOR LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY’.

‘THE PRACTICE OF INTERACTING WITH THE PLANET RESPONSIBLY, SO AS NOT TO DEPLETE NATURAL RESOURCES THAT WOULD UNDERMINE THE FUTURE GENERATION’S ABILITY TO MEET ITS DAILY NEEDS’.

Question 8

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH?

Answer 8

‘A METHOD OF EXPANDING THE ECONOMY’S PRODUCTION LEVELS TO MEET THE NEEDS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES OF THE PRESENT POPULATION, WITHOUT UNDERMINING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR NEEDS’.

‘AN ECONOMY WHERE PRODUCTION IS IN EQUILIBRIUM OR BALANCE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS ECOLOGICAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS’.

Question 9

HOW TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH?

Answer 9

FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH TO BE SUSTAINABLE
SO FUTURE GENERATIONS
DO NOT HAVE REDUCED OPPORTUNITIES,
THE USE AND DISPOSAL OF NATURAL
AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
NEED TO BE MANAGED VERY CAREFULLY.

Question 10

WHAT LEVEL OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
IS CONSIDERED SUSTAINABLE?

Answer 10

DIFFERS FOR EACH NATION. IT DEPENDS ON MANY THINGS SUCH AS:

THE RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH

THE TYPES OF GOODS AND SERVICES THAT ARE PRODUCED AND, AT THE END OF THEIR LIFE, HOW THEY ARE DISPOSED

ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND NEW DISCOVERIES.

Question 11

MEASURING LEVELS OF SUSTAINABILITY

Answer 11

SOME MEASURES INCLUDE BUT NOT LIMITED TO
CO2 EMISSIONS AND SOURCE
TEMPERATURE
RATES OF RECYCLING
ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND SOURCE
POLLUTION
WASTE
PRODUCT END OF LIFE MANAGEMENT

Question 12

why do we care

Answer 12

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE

bc it affects mls ansd nmls for both now and in the future

Question 13

INTERTEMPORAL EFFICIENCY

Answer 13

THE RIGHT BALANCE OF USING RESOURCES BETWEEN CURRENT AND FUTURE NEEDS

THIS REQUIRES MAKING TRADE OFFS AND REVIEWING OPPORTUNITY COST
EG: DECIDING TO CUT DOWN MORE TREES TO INCREASE PRODUCTION NOW AT THE COST OF REDUCED OR NON PROFITABLE PRODUCTION LEVELS IN FUTURE WHEN AS A RESULT TREES WILL BECOME MORE SCARCE

Question 14

EFFECTS OF DECLINING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Answer 14

CLIMATE CHANGE
MORE EXTREME TEMPERATURES
MORE SEVERE WEATHER EVENTS
RISING SEA WATERS
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION, CORAL BLEACHING
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY (FOOD CYCLE) & CROPS
LOSS OF TOURISM AND RECREATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES

Question 15

IMPACT OF DECLINING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ON MATERIAL LIVING STANDARDS

Answer 15

CROP FAILURES & BIODIVERSITY LOSS = LESS ACCESS TO FOOD
FLOODS, RISING WATERS AND NATURAL DISASTERS = LESS ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER
LOSS OF HOMES & BUSINESSES DUE TO CLIMATE/WEATHER EVENTS
LESS RESOURCES = LESS PRODUCTION = LESS INCOMES = LESS CONSUMPTION = LOWER LIVING STANDARDS

Question 16

IMPACT OF DECLINING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ON NON-MATERIAL LIVING STANDARDS

Answer 16

STRESS & HEALTH ISSUES FROM EXTREME HEAT WAVES AND WEATHER CONDITIONS (NATURAL DISASTERS, CLEAN WATER, DISEASE)
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
LOSS OF NATURAL BEAUTY/RECREATION SPACES
DISPLACEMENT OF PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

Question 17

DISPLACEMENT

Answer 17

INCREASING NUMBERS OF PEOPLE DISPLACED BY DISASTERS LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPLICATIONS ECONOMICALLY GLOBALLY AND FOR AUST.

Question 18

THE COSTS OF DOING NOTHING

Answer 18

THE COSTS OF DOING NOTHING ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE ARE EXPECTED TO BE FAR BIGGER FOR AUSTRALIA, THAN IF APPROPRIATE ACTION IS TAKEN TO LIMIT EMISSIONS.

Question 19

WHAT NEGATIVELY IMPACTS SUSTAINABILITY?

Answer 19

MARKET FAILURE
NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES
MICROPLASTICS
SINGLE USE PLASTICS
FOOD WASTE
UGLY VEGETABLES
WATER FOOTPRINT
ABUSE OF COMMON ACCESS RESOURCES
POPULATION GROWTH

Question 20

MARKET FAILURE

Answer 20

THE FREE OR UNREGULATED OPERATION OF DEMAND, SUPPLY,
AND THE PRICE SYSTEM

CAUSES RESOURCES TO BE ALLOCATED INEFFICIENTLY
INTO USES THAT DO NOT MAXIMISE
OR WORK AGAINST THE COMMUNITY’S GENERAL WELLBEING.

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IS OFTEN NEEDED TO CORRECT IT

Question 21

EXAMPLES OF MARKET FAILURE

Answer 21

THE PROBLEMS CAUSED FROM NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES AND

ABUSE OF COMMON ACCESS RESOURCES

Question 22

NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES

Answer 22

EXTERNALITIES IS THE INDIRECT IMPACT ON THIRD PARTIES DUE TO AN ACTION

MINING AND COLLECTING AND PROCESSING RESOURCES, GOODS AND SERVICES PRODUCES WASTE, POLLUTION, RUNOFF, AND GREENHOUSE GASES WHICH ADD TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND A DEGRADING ENVIRONMENT.

THIS CREATES NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES
RESULTING IN PROBLEMS IN HEALTH,
QUALITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT

Question 23

types of impacts of neg externs on 3rd parties

Answer 23

rise in emissions
microplastics
single use plastics
food waste
abuse of CAR common access resources
the tragedy of the commons
population growth

Question 24

WHAT POSITIVELY IMPACTS SUSTAINABILITY?

Answer 24

EDUCATION AND AWARENESS!!
SUSTAINABILITY EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS
ENVIRONMENTAL CAMPAIGNS
“PEOPLE, PLANET, PROFIT” APPROACH
LOBBYING AND POLITICAL GROUPS
CARTOONS LIKE CAPTAIN PLANET

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION AND GLOBAL COLLABORATION
WORLDWIDE CFC REDUCTION TO FIX OZONE ISSUE

“ODD BUNCH” CAMPAIGN

Question 25

PERSPECTIVES

Answer 25

CONSUMER
BUSINESS
UNION
GOVERNMENT

Question 26

CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE

Answer 26

AS CONSUMERS, WE ALL AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT BY WHAT WE BUY, HOW WE USE IT AND HOW WE DISPOSE OF IT.
OVER RECENT YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A MASSIVE SHIFT IN CONSUMER SUPPORT FOR IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, SHOWN BY WHO WE VOTE FOR, WHAT WE BUY AND HOW WE RECYCLE/UPCYCLE

Question 27

TO RECYCLE OR NOT TO RECYCLE?

Answer 27

THERE HAS BEEN SOME DISCUSSION OF THE WEIGHT OF RECYCLING ON CONSUMERS BE SHIFTED TO BUSINESSES WHO FIX THE ISSUE FROM ITS SOURCE

Question 28

BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE

Answer 28

UNTIL RECENTLY, MANY BUSINESSES TENDED TO DOWNPLAY ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN THE PURSUIT OF PROFITS.
NOW, BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS LIKE THE BCA BELIEVES:
THAT THE MOMENTUM FOR MOVING TOWARDS NET ZERO BY 2050 IS ‘UNSTOPPABLE’
IT IS THEREFORE IMPORTANT TO EMBRACE DECARBONISATION
TO SEIZE A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN DEVELOPING NEW TECHNOLOGIES & EXPORT
INDUSTRIES OR BE LEFT BEHIND AND PAY THE PRICE.

Question 29

UNION PERSPECTIVE

Answer 29

UNIONS AND THE ACTU
SEES THE GLOBAL SHIFT TOWARDS NET ZERO EMISSIONS AS PRESENTING HUGE OPPORTUNITIES TO CREATE NEW AND SECURE JOBS FOR WORKERS ACROSS AUSTRALIA, AND A CHANCE TO GROW EXPORTS AND INCOMES.
SEES AUSTRALIA’S LARGEST CLEAN EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES ARE IN RENEWABLE HYDROGEN AND AMMONIA, GREEN METALS, BATTERY MANUFACTURING AND TECHNOLOGY

Question 30

GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE

Answer 30

CONSIDER TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT VS ECONOMIC GROWTH.
CONCERNED THAT ACTION MIGHT LEAD TO A LOSS OF JOBS AND LOWER INCOMES, RATHER THAN SEEING IT AS CREATING NEW OPPORTUNITIES.
GOAL: INTERTEMPORAL EFFICIENCY: STRIKING A FAIR BALANCE BETWEEN RESOURCES FOR CURRENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS.
OFTEN POLITICALLY DRIVEN BY CHANGE IN VOTER ATTITUDES, NATIONAL POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE.

Question 31

AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT’S CHANGING STANCE

Answer 31

INITIALLY, THERE WAS DENIAL OF A CLIMATE ISSUE
IN 2007, AUSTRALIA SIGNED THE KYOTO PROTOCOL TARGETS TO CUT EMISSIONS TO 108 PER CENT OF 1990 LEVELS.
NEXT CAME THE START OF THE CARBON TAX IN 2012.
IN 2014, THE CARBON TAX WAS ABOLISHED AND REPLACED WITH A POLICY CALLED DIRECT ACTON.
AUSTRALIA RATIFIED THE PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT IN 2016 TO REDUCE EMISSIONS BY BETWEEN 26–28 PER CENT ON 2005 LEVELS BY 2030.
IN 2022, THE 2030 TARGET WAS INCREASED TO A CUT BY 43 PER CENT.
IN LATE 2021, THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT MADE A COMMITMENT AT THE UN GLASGOW CLIMATE PACT, TO WORK TOWARDS NET ZERO EMISSIONS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY BY 2050.

Question 32

STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE POSTER

Answer 32

CREATE A POSTER THAT PRESENTS AND PROMOTES THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONSUMER GROUPS, BUSINESSES OR GOVERNMENT REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

Question 33

ROLE IN THIS CONSUMER, BUSINESS, GOVT

Answer 33

CONSUMERS: EDUCATION, ETHICS, PERSONALITY, ADVERTISING AND GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOUR

BUSINESS: GOVERNMENT & MARKET-BASED INCENTIVES ENCOURAGE SUSTAINABLE METHODS OF PRODUCTION. A SUSTAINABLE IMAGE/REPUTATION TENDS TO RESULT IN HIGHER PROFITS

GOVERNMENT: PROVIDES LEADERSHIP AND PROVISION OF INCENTIVES, LAWS AND EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS

Question 34

HOW TO CONTROL UNSUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

Answer 34

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCING

SUSTAINABLE POPULATION GROWTH CONTROL EG THROUGH FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION

RECYCLING (CIRCULAR ECONOMY)

POLICIES, LAWS AND REGULATIONS

Question 35

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Answer 35

IT INVOLVES A ‘TAKE-MAKE-RECYCLE-REUSE’ APPROACH RATHER THAN A ‘TAKE-MAKE-THROW AWAY’ ECONOMY, AIMED TO:
REDUCE DEMAND FOR RESOURCES
IMPROVE RECYCLING PROGRAMS
LOWER OUR EMISSIONS

CURRENTLY, LESS THAN 9 PER CENT OF THE
WORLD’S ECONOMY IS CIRCULAR IN NATURE.

THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM WHITE PAPER AIMS TO SHIFT TO A WASTE-FREE GLOBAL ECONOMY BY 2050

Question 36

PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE

Answer 36

PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE DESCRIBES THE PRACTICE OF
DESIGNING PRODUCTS TO BREAK QUICKLY OR BECOME
OBSOLETE IN THE SHORT TO MID-TERM.

THE GENERAL IDEA BEHIND THIS IS TO ENCOURAGE SALES
OF NEW PRODUCTS AND UPGRADES, A PRACTICE THAT HAS
BEEN BANNED IN SOME COUNTRIES.

Question 37

POLICIES TO CONTROL UNSUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

Answer 37

LAW AND REGULATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT
MARKET BASED APPROACHES (USING FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR OF CONSUMERS AND PRODUCERS)
SUBSIDIES,
EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME
CARBON PRICING SCHEME (“CARBON TAX”)
DIRECT ACTION
NET ZERO
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Question 38

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT

Answer 38

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAWS THAT OVERSEE A RANGE OF AREAS:

THE GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK
LISTED THREATENED SPECIES AND ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
COMMONWEALTH MARINE AREAS
NATIONAL HERITAGE PLACES
WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE
MIGRATORY SPECIES PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES
NUCLEAR ACTIONS (THIS INCLUDES URANIUM MINES).

STATE GOVERNMENTS ALSO HAVE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACTS THAT INCLUDE SECTIONS ON WASTE MANAGEMENT. THESE ARE ENFORCED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY (EPA).

Question 39

SUBSIDIES, REBATES AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES

Answer 39

FREE LED LIGHTING REPLACEMENTS
FREE SHOWER HEAD REPLACEMENTS
INSULATION REBATES
SOLAR PANEL REBATES
ELECTRIC VEHICLE REBATES

Question 40

REBATES VS SUBSIDIES

Answer 40

REBATE: SELLER PAYS BACK ANY EXCESS AMOUNT PAID BY THE BUYER.
(EG BUYER BUYS A $2000 PRODUCT WITH REBATE $100, SO SELLER HANDS YOU BACK $100

SUBSIDY: SELLER RECEIVES PART PAYMENT FROM BUYER AND REMAINDER OF PAYMENT FROM A SUBSIDISING ENTITY (E.G. GOVERNMENT).
(EG BUYER BUYS A $2000 PRODUCT BUT ONLY PAYS $1900 WHILE THE GOVT PAYS THE SELLER THE REMAINING $100 (USUALLY AFTERWARDS)

Question 41

SUBSIDIES AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES:
ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN VICTORIA: THE HIGHS AND LOWS:

Answer 41

INITIALLY A $3000 REBATE ON NEW EVS
- SCRAPPED IN JULY 2023

A $100 SUBSIDY ON EV ANNUAL REGISTRATION FEES

HOWEVER, A EV ROAD TAX
(PHEV 2.6CENTS/CM; ZLEV 2.8CENTS/KM)

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
A ZLEV OWNER WHO DRIVES 15,000 KILOMETRES IN THE YEAR PAYS $420
A PHEV OWNER WHO DRIVES 20,000KM IN THE YEAR PAYS $460

Question 42

EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME (ETS)

Answer 42

THIS SCHEME UTILIZES A MARKET BASED APPROACH:
“BUYERS” ARE FIRMS/PRODUCERS; THEY BUY EMISSION PERMITS. EACH PERMIT ALLOWS THE RELEASE OF 1 TON OF CO2 FROM PRODUCTION
“SELLERS” ARE (USUALLY) THE GOVERNMENT; THEY SUPPLY AND SELL EMISSION PERMITS
CAP AND TRADE:
PERMITS ARE CAPPED IN NUMBER (I.E LIMITS SUPPLY TO MEET TARGETS).
THEY CAN BE TRADED OR SOLD FOR A HIGHER PRICE BETWEEN FIRMS
CHANGING MARKET PRICE OF PERMITS CREATE PRICE SIGNALS THAT ALTER BEHAVIOUR, RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND PRODUCTION

Question 43

CARBON PRICING SCHEME

Answer 43

WHERE EVERY UNIT OF CARBON GENERATED BY THE TOP 500 POLLUTING BUSINESSES WAS “TAXED” VIA BUYING OF FIXED PRICE PERMITS (HENCE “CARBON TAX”)
INITALLY PRICED AT $23 A PERMIT FOR 1 TON OF CO2 RELEASED
NO CAPS OR TRADING OF PERMITS (LIKE ETS)
THIS MONEY RAISED IS INJECTED BACK AS CASH BENEFITS OR SUBSIDIES ON ENERGY COSTS FOR CONSUMERS, AND FOR INVESTMENT INTO RENEWABLES
PRODUCERS ARE INCENTIVIZED TO PRODUCE SAME OR SUBSTITUTE GOODS USING CLEANER METHODS.
CONSUMERS BUY LESS HIGH-EMISSION GOODS DUE TO PRODUCERS PASSING PRICE INCREASES TO CONSUMERS, RESULTING IN LOWER DEMAND FOR THEM

Question 44

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMISSIONS TRADING AND CARBON PRICING SCHEME

Answer 44

CARBON PRICING IS NOT CAPPED, IT JUST DETERS POLLUTING DUE TO A FIXED COST
EG IF A PERMIT IS $23 A YEAR, THEN CO2 EMISSIONS WILL BE 100 MILLION TONS PER YEAR

EMISSIONS TRADING IS CAPPED, BUT COST OF PERMITS CHANGES DEPENDING ON CHANGING DEMAND AND SUPPLY
EG THE EQUILIBRIUM PRICE OF A PERMIT WILL BE $23 A TON, IF YOU CAP CO2 EMISSIONS AT 100 MILLION TONS PER YEAR

EITHER WAY, THE RESULT IS GENERALLY THE SAME!

Question 45

DIRECT ACTION

Answer 45

DIRECT ACTION: GOVERNMENTS DIRECTLY INVEST IN PROJECTS DESIGNED TO ACHIEVE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES (GREEN ARMY PROGRAM, CLEAN WATER PLAN, NATIONAL LANDCARE PROGRAM ETC)
THAT SAME GOVERNMENT IN 2014 THAT DITCHED THE CARBON TAX REPLACED IT WITH THIS POLICY.
HERE, FIRMS COULD BID FOR FINANCIAL SUPPORT IN A REVERSE AUCTION ARRANGEMENT, WHERE THE GOVERNMENT MONEY WENT TO THOSE PROMISING THE BIGGEST REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS FOR THE LOWEST COST.

Question 46

NET ZERO

Answer 46

AIM: ALL NEW GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS PRODUCED AND IS OFFSET BY THE AMOUNT REMOVED FROM THE ATMOSPHERE
METHODS MIGHT INCLUDE TREE PLANTING, CHANGE IN PRODUCTIVE METHODS, CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS, ETC.

Question 47

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION

Answer 47

RATIFYING AGREEMENTS SUCH AS
KYOTO AGREEMENT 2008
PARIS CLIMATE SUBMIT 2015
UN CLIMATE CONFERENCE 2021

ALL AIMED AT COUNTRIES TO PLEDGE ACTION TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Question 48

DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS PHILOSOPHY

Answer 48

THE DOUGHNUT CONSISTS OF TWO CONCENTRIC RINGS:
A SOCIAL FOUNDATION, TO ENSURE THAT NO ONE IS LEFT FALLING SHORT ON LIFE’S ESSENTIALS, AND
AN ECOLOGICAL CEILING, TO ENSURE THAT HUMANITY DOES NOT COLLECTIVELY OVERSHOOT THE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES THAT PROTECT EARTH’S LIFE-SUPPORTING SYSTEMS.