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Biology > U2 KA1 > Flashcards

U2 KA1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sperm?

A

Male gamates that are continually produced in the testes by the process of meiosis.

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2
Q

How is sperm produced?

A

Germline cells found in tubes called seminiferous tubules.

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3
Q

Describe the function of the interstitial cells?

A

Production of testosterone

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4
Q

Function of seminal vesicles and prostate gland?

A

Secretes fluid that maintain the mobility + viability of their sperm.

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5
Q

What is the site of fertilisation?

A

Oviduct.

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6
Q

What happens to the egg once fertilisation has taken place?

A

-divides and develops into a ball of cells.
-differentiation of cells within embryo.
-implantation of embryo in wall of uterus.

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7
Q

What produces the releaser hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

What do releaser hormones target?

A

Pituitary gland

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9
Q

Why are the pituitary glands stimulated?

A

To produce FSH & ICSH(men) LH (women)

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10
Q

What are FSH&ICSH & LH responsible for ?

A

Sperm production in men & menstruation in women.

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11
Q

FSH stimulates the production of what where?

A

Sperm by the seminiferous tubules in the testes.

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12
Q

ICSH stimulates what where

A

Testosterone by the interstitial cells in the testes.

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13
Q

What is the role of testosterone

A

-stimulates production of sperm in seminiferous tubules.
-stimulates prostate gland + seminal vesicles to produce secretions.
-at high concentrations it inhibits the secretion of FSH & ICSH by the pituitary gland.

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14
Q

What are the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

Pituitary- FSH , LH
Ovarian - OESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE.

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15
Q

Role of FSH

A

Stimulates development of follicle.
Stimulates follicle to produce oestrogen.

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16
Q

Role of LH

A

-surge in LH triggers ovulation.
- follicle develops into corpus luteum.
- CL secretes progesterone.

17
Q

Oestrogen stimulates?

A

Proliferation of the endometrium in preparation for implantation of embryo.

18
Q

The follicular phase

A

FSH is released from the pituitary gland causing a follicle to develop and mature in the ovary.

Oestrogen is produced by ovary tissue, as oestrogen levels increase it repairs (proliferation)the endometrium.

The high levels of oestrogen trigger a surge in LH.

LH causes ovulation and a egg is released into the oviduct.

19
Q

The luteal phase

A

LH stimulates the follicle to become the corpus luteum and starts to produce progesterone and oestrogen.

Progesterone causes endometrium to become thick and spongy.

High levels of oestrogen and progesterone gave an inhibitory effect on the pituitary gland.

Levels of FSH and LH drop preventing any new follicles maturing.

20
Q

What happens if fertilisation does not occur?

A

A lack in LH leads to the degeneration of the corpus Luteum.

Results in a rapid drop in concentration of progesterone.

21
Q

Events after ovulation in order.

A

Oestrogen levels rise.

Oestrogen reached critical level.

Pituitary releases surge of LH.

LH acts on mature follicle.

Follicle releases egg into oviduct.

22
Q

What does High levels of oestrogen do to the cells lining the cervix?

A

Affects consistency of cervical mucus preventing sperm from meeting an egg.

23
Q

Why does menstruation not occur if an egg is fertilised.

A

Corpus luteum is maintained which continues to produce progesterone preventing menstruation.

24
Q

Why are women’s fertility cyclical?

A

The interplay of pituitary and ovarian hormones result in the period of fertility being restricted to 1-2 days after ovulation.

25
Q

How are males continuously fertile?

A

Constant levels of FSH + ICSH, therefore a steady quantity of testosterone is secreted and a steady quantity of sperm is produced.

26
Q

Identification of the fertile period

A

Mucus - thin and watery.

Temperature - rises by 0.5 °C

27
Q

Ovulation can be stimulated by?

A

Drugs that mimic LH ans FSH

drugs that prevent negative feedback of oestrogen on FSH secretion.

28
Q

Super ovulation?

A

Leads to multiple births + can be used to collect eggs for IVF

29
Q

Artificial insemenation

A

Several samples of semen are collected over a period of time.

AI is useful if the male has a low sperm count.

30
Q

Artificial insemenation is useful for..

A

-when conception isn’t possible by sex,

  • low sperm / motility
31
Q

In-Vitro Fertilisation

A

Surgical removal of eggs from ovaries after hormone stimulation.

Incubation of zygotes + uterine implantation.

PGD identifies single gene disorder + chromosomal mutations.

32
Q

IVF appropriate for…

A

Low sperm / motility

Blocked oviducts.

Conception not possible.

33
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A

If mature speed are defective / very low in number.

Head of sperm is drawn into a needle + injected directly into egg.

34
Q

ICSI appropriate for..

A

Low speak / motility.

Biology (8 decks)

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