Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

apes > u2: energy > Flashcards

u2: energy Flashcards

1
Q

5 variables of calculating ecological footprints

A
  1. carbon foot prints: energy
  2. built-up land: settlements
  3. forests: timber + paper
  4. crop + pasture: food + fibre
  5. fisheries: seafood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

non-renewable energy

A

exist in a fixed amount and require transformation that cannot be easily replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

renewable energy

A

can be naturally replenished at or near the rate of consumption and reused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

non renewable energy examples

A

nuclear, coal, oil, natural gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

renewable energy

A

biomass, hydroelectric, solar, wind, geothermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what popular non renewable resource is not a fossil fuel

A

nuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the most widely used energy source?

A

fossil fuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the partitioning of energy across different nations

A

20% of population use 80% of energy
china: 23%, us: 17%, india: 5%, non-oecd asia: 7%, rest of the world: 48%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what caused the spike in fossil fuel usage

A

the industrial revolution (1760s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

first major energy source and what it has been replaced with

A

coal + petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

% change equation

A

initial - final / initial = % change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what impacts power usage

A
  1. development — when countries develop so does their tech which is typically derived from fossil fuels
  2. what they have available / accessible
  3. supply and demand
  4. what fuels the government prefers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

wood related fuels

A

wood: easy to access and the oldest fuel
charcoal: small processing, burns hotter than wood, easily accessible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

drawbacks of wood related fuels

A
  1. erosion
  2. soil degradation
  3. co2 changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

peat

A

a coal precursor made of decomposed organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 types of coal

A

peat —> lignite —> bituminous —> anthracik

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

least valuable coal (most impurities, least carbon)

A

lignite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

most valuable coal (least impurities, most carbon)

A

anthracik

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cleanest fossil fuel

A

natural gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is natural gas the cleanest fossil fuel

A

very few impurities like lead, mercury, and more as its already a gas. still produces carbon emissions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

crude oil extraction sites

A

tar sands — a combination of clay, sand, and bituminous. (not ideal fuel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

crude oil produces….

A

gas, diesel, jet fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is crude oil refined

A

through taking advantage of the different boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cogeneration

A

when a fuel source used for heat and electrical generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

countries with top 3 uranium reserves

A

australia, kazakhstan, canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

combustions chemical process

A

O2 —> Co2 + H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

drawbacks of mining / extraction

A

resource usage and habitat destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

pulverizing

A

damaging to respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

natural gas

A

plants and animals caught underground (has to be pumped out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

fracking

A

piping into ground, well with clay lining to prevent water run in —> insert pips —> insert fracking fluid —> gas flows out to a container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

problems with fracking

A
  1. pipe not well lined contaminants water
  2. VOCs in fracking fluid
  3. natural gas can leak
  4. disrupts tectonic plates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

nuclear fission

A

a nuclear chemical process of uranium-235 (u-235) to generate electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

nuclear fission steps

A

U-235 is put into fuel rods —> struck by an outside neutron —> U-235 releases heat —> heat generates steam —> turbine —> generator —> electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

pros of nuclear power

A
  1. low / no CH4/Co2
  2. high power output
  3. low cost
  4. no mining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cons of nuclear

A
  1. long life hazards
  2. nuclear incident
  3. thermal pollution
  4. high initial cost
  5. constructive mining
  6. nonrenewable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

nuclear energy and radioactive energy

A

nuclear energy comes from U-235, isotope loses energy that is emitted in the form of a radioactive wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

U-235 radioactivity

A

U-235 stays radioactive. it gathers neurons and becomes an isotope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

three mile island

A
  • water pump failed allowing water in
  • fuel began melting down
  • no explosion or long term radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

chernobyl

A
  • closed for testing
  • power turned off during simulation
  • extra power was supposed to allow cooling
  • control rods didnt drop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

fukushima

A
  • earthquake + tsunami
  • emergency shutdown
  • 3 reactor meltdown’s simultaneously
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

radioactive material half life

A

measure of time for half an atomic nucleus to decay
- decays into another atom, emits radiation
- ten half lives = safety
ex: cesium-137 has 30 year half life,
30 x 10 = 300 years until safe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

mining

A

obtaining minerals from ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

refining

A

industry process of removing impurities from a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

overburden

A

layer of earth and rock removed to access materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

spoils

A

unwanted rock and waste produced when mineral extraction from earths surface or subsurface like mining + extraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

open pit mine

A

process / industry obtained via an open pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

mountain + preremoval

A

removal of mountain top to access underneath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

tailing and target

A

ore —> target + tailing (similar to spoils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

cyanide heap leaching

A

fluid including cyanide to ore, dissolves impurities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

mining accessible ores and resource usage

A

as more accessible ores are mined it causes more resource usage to gain access to the less accessible ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

mining wastes

A

soil + rocks moved to gain access to ore. the waste (slag) + tailing that remain when minerals are removed from ore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

mining consequences

A
  • soil erosion — barren areas if subsoil causing desertification and increased temperature
  • road’s encourage invasive species
  • machines causing fossil fuels
  • streams near can have increased turbidity, lowered DO, and increased temp due to runoff
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

pH and Fe

A

when pH increases Fe —> Fe(OH)2 which leads to orange waters, increased turbidity that decreased albido and lowers DO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

mine remediation

A

takes 100s of years of primary succession to return to original, returning topography (grading) —> soil enrichment for nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

importance of energy conservation

A

negative consequences of energy usage can be reduced via conservation and thus reduction of negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

individual impact

A
  • adjust thermostat
  • use energy efficient appliances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

conserve water

A
  • shorter showers
  • larger loads of laundry / cold cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

conservation landscaping

A
  • reduce irrigation energy
  • use pant trees to match needs
  • plant trees to block sun in summer / not in winter (disidgeous)
  • evergreens for winter cover
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

xeriscaping

A

matching landscape / climate with plants

60
Q

fuel economy standard

A

corporate average fuel economy standards (CAFE) regulations in the United States, first enacted by the United States Congress in 1975, after the 1973–74 Arab Oil Embargo, to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) produced for sale in the United States.

61
Q

energy conservation in buildings (passive)

A
  • solar
  • windows
  • insulation
  • sun light
  • greenroof
62
Q

energy conservation in buildings (active)

A
  • heating system (geothermal + solar)
  • solar panels
63
Q

primary pollutants

A

directly into atmosphere

64
Q

natural pp

A
  • pollen
  • ash
  • VOCs
65
Q

anthropogenic pp

A
  • ff combustion (Co2, Nox, So2)
66
Q

secondary pollutants

A

form once in atmosphere, usually by combining w/ water vapor or atmospheric gases

67
Q

in 1970 what did the EPA establish

A

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

68
Q

6 criteria pollutants

A
  • sulfur dioxide (so2)
  • particulate matted (pm)
  • lead (pb)
  • ozone (o3)
  • nitrogen dioxide (no2)
  • carbon monoxide (co)
  • SPLONC
69
Q

lead exposure impacts (children)

A
  • anemia
  • low iq
  • behavior disorders
  • reading / learning disabilities
70
Q

low level lead exposure impacts (adults)

A
  • hypertension
  • cardiovascular disease
71
Q

ff combustion

A

fossil fuels release fossil carbon

72
Q

what do all fossil fuels contain

A

carbon + hydrogen

73
Q

carbon after combustion

A

co2

74
Q

combustion equation

A

O2 → CO2 + H2O

75
Q

coal impurities after combustion

A
  • sulfur —> sulfur dioxide (so2)
  • toxic metals (lead, mercury, nickel, arsenic)
  • partially combust “soot”
  • particulate matter (pm)
76
Q

sulfur in coal is most present when it is formed in what biome

A

marine

77
Q

what does particulate matter do

A

carries metals and heavy elements into lungs

78
Q

what when burnt generates primary pollutants

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulefur

79
Q

VOCs do what at room temperature

A

vaporize

80
Q

photochemical smog equation

A

No + VOC + O2 + UV —> O3 + PANs

81
Q

no2 equation

A

no + voc = no2

82
Q

no equation

A

no2 + uv = no

83
Q

o3 equation

A

o + o2 = o3

84
Q

pans equation

A

no2 + voc = pans

85
Q

how does timing impact pollutants

A
  • nox produced early (rush hour)
  • ozone peaks in afternoon (sun and temp)
86
Q

how does temperature impact ozone

A

sunny and warm (+ sumner) increase production

87
Q

photochemical smog human health impacts

A
  • respiratory issues
  • asthma
  • bronchitis worsens
88
Q

how to reduce nox

A
  • catalytic converters
89
Q

what do catalytic converters do

A

no —> o2 —> n2

90
Q

how to reduce vocs

A
  • gas at night
  • follow gas instruction
  • improve fuel efficiency
  • reduce internal combustion
91
Q

thermal inversion

A

reverse of normal trend—warm layer on top of cooler surface air. traps cooler and dense air

92
Q

issues with thermal inversion

A
  • air dosent rise
  • pollutants don’t disperse (increases photochem smog + pm)
93
Q

factors that increase thermal inversion

A
  • valleys
  • mountains
  • coasts
94
Q

natural sources of co2

A
  • respiration
  • ocean outgassing
  • decomposing biomass
95
Q

geological sources of co2

A
  • volcanic activity
96
Q

ecosystem disturbances causing co2

A
  • wildfires
97
Q

whats the issue with non natural sources of co2

A

creates massive atmospheric buildup. the net sources + sinks is minimal in natural co2. natural sources are not fossil carbon. it builds up in excess

98
Q

particulate matter

A

solid + liquid particles that are small enough for inhalation

99
Q

how small is pm

A

1 micron - 0.01mm

100
Q

how small does pm have to be to be inhalable

A

under 10 microns

101
Q

pm10

A

2.5 + 10 microns in diameter—upper respiratory concern

102
Q

pm2.5

A

under 2.5microns in diameter—lower respiratory concern

103
Q

natural sources of pm

A
  • pollen
  • spores
  • bacteria
  • dust
  • airborne soil
  • sea salt
104
Q

geological sources of pm

A
  • volcanic dust
  • sulfates
105
Q

health effects of pm

A
  • eye irritation
  • skin irritation
106
Q

co and asphyxiant

A

co impacts red bloods ability to carry oxygen through body

107
Q

co and blood

A

co reacts with hemoglobin to a create a molecule that cant carry oxygen, this leads to dizziness, nausea, and suffocation

108
Q

radon

A

naturally occurring as a result of decaying uranium in rocks or soil.

109
Q

how many us homes are effects by radon

A

1 in 15

110
Q

clean air act

A

regulates emissions of air pollutants that impact human health

111
Q

CAA automobile emissions

A
  • removal of lead in gas
  • encouraging cleaner transit technology
112
Q

CAA acid rain

A
  • determine levels of how much pollution is industry
  • promotes tech to reduce so2 and no
113
Q

alternative fuels

A
  • natural gas
  • propane
  • ethanol
  • electricity
  • biofuels
114
Q

CAA requires EPA to develop what

A

fuel program (RF), increase volume of renewable fuels

115
Q

onboard vapor recovery system

A

catch vapors and burn in cars combustion chamber

116
Q

catalytic converters process

A

co, no2, vocs —> catalytic converters —> o2, co2, h2o, nitrogen, some n2o

117
Q

how are nitrogen and pollutants reduced with Electrostatic Precipitators

A

catalyst by removing oxygen that breaks up nitrogen oxides —> nitrogen and oxygen gasses. opposite chemical reaction oxidation and turns carbon monoxide —> carbon dioxide. oxidation turns unburned hydrocarbons in exhaust into carbon dioxide and water.

118
Q

scrubbers

A

remove pollutants from exhaust streams.

119
Q

what pollutants does the CAA require scrubbers for

A

so2, n2o

120
Q

acid rain pH

A

4.3

121
Q

rain pH

A

5.6

122
Q

vehicles burning ff cause what

A

emitting nox that reacts with water and creates nitrous acid and nitric acid

123
Q

what do coal power plants emit

A

nox + so2 (reacts w water)

124
Q

natural sources of so2, nox, and co2

A
  • volcanoes
  • geysers
  • hot springs
125
Q

acid rain forest and soil impacts

A
  • aluminum toxicity: aluminum ions leech soils and are toxic to aquatic life are plants
  • calcium deficiency: trees roots are unable to take calcium when aluminum ions are present
  • reduced photosynthesis: damages and changes soil chemistry meaning less photosynthesis
126
Q

soils that buffer and neutralize acid rain

A

soils rich with magnesium, calcium, and limestone

127
Q

what locations are vulnerable to acid rain mode

A

lakes surrounded by granite that have nutrient poor soils. forests and lakes of NE + high elevations typically have these coditions

128
Q

MSW

A

municipal solid waste waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public.

129
Q

MSW stats

A

paper 27%, glass 4.5%, metal 9.1%, plastic 12.8%, rubber/leather 9%, wood 6.2%, yard trimmings 13.5%, food 14.6%

130
Q

e-waste

A

electronic waste. contains mercury and lead.

131
Q

capped landfill

A

place a cover over the contaminated landfill

132
Q

open landfill drawbacks

A
  • odor
  • bad waste containment of solids and leachate
  • flammable (methane)
  • animal disturbances
  • low aesthetic value
133
Q

sanitary landfill set up

A
  • liner made of clay or plastic
  • garbage
  • leachate and methane (CH4) collector/monitor
  • when it’s full: capped and monitored
134
Q

methane in landfills

A

methane in landfills comes from anaerobic decomposition (decomposition where no air is present) which produces methane and is a huge consequence of landfills

135
Q

waste disposal methods

A
  • incinerated (monitored by CAA)
    creates less anaerobic activity, more useful landfill for longer, produces ash, leads to air pollution
  • illegal dumping
    convenient, it contaminates soil and water
  • can be in the ocean
    convenient, easy, no dedicated area to trash, no “away” currents move it around, contaminates water, harms marine life
  • cargo ships can lose it
    nurdle (precursor to many plastic items), loosely connected currents (gyre, can create garbage patches
136
Q

RCRA

A

resource conservation and recovery act (1976) governing the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste.

137
Q

CERCLA

A

comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act (1980) gave the federal government broad authority to regulate hazardous substances, to respond to releases of hazardous substance, and to develop long-term solutions for the nation’s most serious hazardous waste problems.

138
Q

food recovery hierarchy (most 2 least)

A
  • source reduction (reduce volume and surplus of food)
  • feed hungry (food banks)
  • feed animals (food scrap 2 animals)
  • industrial use (recover energy)
  • composting (soil amendment)
  • landfill (last resort)
139
Q

what can be composted?

A
  • yard debris
  • food waste
  • paper products
  • compostable plastics
140
Q

CWA

A

clean water act. establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters.

141
Q

SDWA

A

the safe drinking water act. all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or underground sources.

142
Q

waste to energy plants

A

trash creates methane which is flammable. incineration -> gas -> turbine -> energy. low quality, needs h20 and impurity removal

143
Q

primary sewage treatment

A

physical. removal of debris (rocks, sticks, rags, toys, other large objects) removed with screen tanks, fats and oils rise and are scraped off. sludge can be placed back into the ecosystem.

144
Q

secondary sewage treatment

A

biological. bacteria perform anaerobic decomposition to break down organic matter. produces co2 and sludge. aeration tank stablizes water. clarifier is used to catch any large objects that were missed.

145
Q

tertiary sewage treatment

A

physical and chemical. removal of final impurities and pollutants (Nitrogen and phosphorus based chemical) remove final bacterias

146
Q

who monitors water quality in sewage treatment?

A

CWA, SDWA

147
Q

what disinfectants are used in tertiary sewage treatment

A

chlorine, o3, uv

apes (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions