U2- Changing Economy of the UK

Question 1

Define the primary job sector.

Answer 1

Extraction of raw materials➡️E.g: farming, fishing.

Question 2

Define the secondary job sector.

Answer 2

Processing of raw materials into finished goods➡️E.g: milk into cheese.

Question 3

Define the tertiary job sector.

Answer 3

Services➡️E.g: education, retail.

Question 4

Define the quaternary job sector.

Answer 4

Assembly, processing and transfer of information➡️E.g: IT, biosciences.

Question 5

How can the secondary job sector be split into categories?

Answer 5

Heavy industry (tied down to a location) or light industry/footloose (not tied down).

Question 6

What is a country’s employment structure?

Answer 6

The proportion of people in each sector.

Question 7

How has the UK’s employment structure changed since 1980?

Answer 7

Primary employment has nearly halved, secondary employment has also crashed and tertiary/quaternary employment has increased sharply.

Question 8

For Canary Wharf in East London, give:

1) Job sector.
2) Average salaries.
3) Examples of jobs.

Answer 8

1) Quaternary.
2) £100,000.
3) Banks, investment companies, law firms, insurance and IT companies.

Question 9

For Dinnington and South Yorkshire, give:

1) Job sector before 1992.
2) Job sector after 1992.
3) Average salaries.
4) Examples of jobs.

Answer 9

1) Primary.
2) Tertiary.
3) £30,000.
4) Sales, home delivery, business park.

Question 10

What evidence is there that the North East is the most deprived area in the UK?

Answer 10

• England’s lowest income region➡️Average household income of £26,000.
• High unemployment➡️Over 11% in 2012.
• Poor health➡️Worst indicators in England for deaths from smoking & early deaths.

Question 11

What evidence is there that the South East is one of the most affluent areas in the UK?

Answer 11

• The UK’s highest spending power➡️Average household income of £35,200.
• Most expensive house and land prices.
• High quality of life➡️People in South East spend the most on healthy foods, live longer and eat out more.

Question 12

Define household income.

Answer 12

Total income earned by everyone in a household after paying tax.

Question 13

What is the public sector?

Answer 13

Local and national government organisations such as the NHS.

Question 14

What is the domino effect, in basic terms?

Answer 14

When one industry collapses, it leads to the collapse of others.

Question 15

What is the negative multiplier effect?

Answer 15

Businesses close down➡️People lose jobs➡️Less money is spent on shops and services➡️Local economy declines➡️More businesses shut down➡️Derelict land puts off investors➡️No new investment➡️Businesses close down (and so on…)

Question 16

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 16

Deindustrialisation refers to the decline in secondary industry and the corresponding growth in tertiary and quaternary industries.

Question 17

What are the positive impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 17

✅More available land for future development.

✅Less water used in industrial processes.

✅Less energy required to operate machines➡️Reduces CO₂ emissions.

✅Reduced traffic congestion near factories.

✅Reduced noise and air pollution.

Question 18

What are the negative impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 18

❌Derelict land looks unsightly.

❌Deteriorating infrastructure (e.g: lack of investment in roads).

❌Empty factory buildings (and associated buildings).

❌Manufacturing goods further away leads to greater transport problems and pollution elsewhere.

Question 19

What investment happened as a result of deindustrialisation in Glasgow?

Answer 19

• New art gallery hosts the famous Burrell collection.
• New conference and science centre.
• Riverside museum of travel and transport.
• Development of riverside apartments and restaurants along the River Clyde.
• New BBC headquarters for Scotland’s TV and radio broadcasting.

Question 20

What are the economic impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 20

❌Loss of income for workers.

❌Loss of income for local shops and services➡️People have less money to spend.

❌Loss of government tax.

❌Rising demand for income-support benefits.

❌Migration away from the city as skilled workers move to find employment elsewhere.

Question 21

What is the cycle of growth which occurs following government investment?

Answer 21

New industries encouraged to locate in the area➡️Jobs created➡️People have more money to spend in local shops/services➡️Local economy grows➡️New image encourages new investors➡️People move into area➡️New industries…

Question 22

What is a brownfield site?

Answer 22

A site which has been used for buildings or other development but has been left become derelict.

It will need improving or clearing before it can be used again.

Question 23

What is a greenfield site?

Answer 23

Land which has not been built on but which has been designated for development.

Question 24

What is meant by an ‘affordable home’?

Answer 24

Homes which are provided at/below the market price.

Developers are now obligated to built a certain number on large estates.

Question 25

What was/is Fort Dunlop?

Answer 25

- Built in 1916, Fort Dunlop was a tyre storage facility on the outskirts of Birmingham. - It closed in the 1980s and became one of Birmingham's major brownfield sites. - Opened in 2006, Fort Dunlop has become a sustainable 24-hour community including a 100 bed hotel, a business park with office and retail space and places to eat and drink.

Question 26

What are the advantages and disadvantages of building on a greenfield site?

Answer 26

✅No clean-up costs. ✅Land is often large and regularly shaped; easy to build large buildings. ✅Easy to plan because it's a blank canvas. ❌Valuable farmland is lost. ❌Negative impact on rural landscape. ❌Greenfield sites have no existing roads, water or energy infrastructures➡️Developers must pay the cost of installation. ❌Local people and environmentalists often object.

Question 27

What are the advantages and disadvantages of building on a brownfield site?

Answer 27

✅Infrastructure already exists. ✅Easier planning permission. ✅As a form of recycling, it is more sustainable than greenfield. ✅Reduces the need for car travel as sites are in inner cities. ✅Improves the look of run-down areas and could increase property values. ❌Can be more expensive than developing greenfield sites because of clean-up costs involved. ❌Most brownfield land in former industrial areas is far away from areas where housing demand is. ❌Land is often small and irregular, with existing land uses surrounding.

Question 28

What are the three areas of possible future growth in the UK economy?

Answer 28

- The digital economy. - Education and research. - Green employment.

Question 29

Where might the digital economy expand next?

Answer 29

- More home internet use. - Environmental management. - Health care. - Education. - Tele-working.

Question 30

What are the biggest research and development sectors in the UK?

Answer 30

- Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. - Aerospace and defence. - Software. - Car industry. - Telecommunications.

Question 31

What is the 'green' sector trying to improve?

Answer 31

Air and water quality.

Question 32

Give examples of work in the 'green' sectors.

Answer 32

- Products from renewable materials. - Efficient buildings. - Tertiary industries. - Quaternary services.

Question 33

Why does it make sense for jobs in the UK to go to foreign workers?

Answer 33

- Immigration can meet skill shortages. - Entrepeneurs with new ideas can come to the UK to set up new businesses. - They can help balance the UK's ageing population. - Lower skilled workers can provide a low cost workforce.

Question 34

What is tele-working?

Answer 34

People working from home.

Question 35

What is self-employment?

Answer 35

Working for yourself.

Question 36

What is meant flexible working?

Answer 36

Working part time, job sharing and/or starting and finishing at different times.

Question 37

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a 'job for life'?

Answer 37

✅Job security. ✅Sick pay and pensions. ❌Less variety, independence and flexibility.

Question 38

What are the advantages and disadvantages of flexible working?

Answer 38

✅Better health➡️Less stress, less traffic. ✅Better productivity. ❌Lower wages. ❌Isolation from colleagues. ❌No break from work when its always with you at home.

Question 39

What are the advantages and disadvantages of self employment?

Answer 39

✅Variety, independence and flexibility. ❌No sick pay or pension. ❌No job security.

Question 40

Why are changing working practices likely to continue in the future?

Answer 40

- Companies save money when people use their own home as a workplace rather than office space. - Technology developments mean that telecommuting and home working is likely to become even easier.

Question 41

Why has the total workforce in the UK only grown by 3 million in the past 50 years?

Answer 41

The population has increased but more young people stay on in education until 18/21 and there are more elderly people who do not work.

Question 42

Why have average wages in the UK increased in the past 50 years?

Answer 42

Unskilled and skilled manual jobs are now rare, most workers have qualifications and skills.

Question 43

Why has the amount of women in the workforce of the UK increased in the past 50 years?

Answer 43

Women are more independent, marry later on in life, have fewer children and focus more on their careers.

Question 44

Why are more people working part time since the 1960s?

Answer 44

The UK workforce is more flexible and people move jobs more often. Part-time work suits many people with families.

Question 45

Why have the average working hours decreased in the past 50 years?

Answer 45

Partly because more people are working part-time, and some people work at home. Rigid '9 to 5' jobs are less common today.