U2- Changing Economy of the UK Flashcards
Define the primary job sector.
Extraction of raw materials➡️E.g: farming, fishing.
Define the secondary job sector.
Processing of raw materials into finished goods➡️E.g: milk into cheese.
Define the tertiary job sector.
Services➡️E.g: education, retail.
Define the quaternary job sector.
Assembly, processing and transfer of information➡️E.g: IT, biosciences.
How can the secondary job sector be split into categories?
Heavy industry (tied down to a location) or light industry/footloose (not tied down).
What is a country’s employment structure?
The proportion of people in each sector.
How has the UK’s employment structure changed since 1980?
Primary employment has nearly halved, secondary employment has also crashed and tertiary/quaternary employment has increased sharply.
For Canary Wharf in East London, give:
1) Job sector.
2) Average salaries.
3) Examples of jobs.
1) Quaternary.
2) £100,000.
3) Banks, investment companies, law firms, insurance and IT companies.
For Dinnington and South Yorkshire, give:
1) Job sector before 1992.
2) Job sector after 1992.
3) Average salaries.
4) Examples of jobs.
1) Primary.
2) Tertiary.
3) £30,000.
4) Sales, home delivery, business park.
What evidence is there that the North East is the most deprived area in the UK?
- England’s lowest income region➡️Average household income of £26,000.
- High unemployment➡️Over 11% in 2012.
- Poor health➡️Worst indicators in England for deaths from smoking & early deaths.
What evidence is there that the South East is one of the most affluent areas in the UK?
- The UK’s highest spending power➡️Average household income of £35,200.
- Most expensive house and land prices.
- High quality of life➡️People in South East spend the most on healthy foods, live longer and eat out more.
Define household income.
Total income earned by everyone in a household after paying tax.
What is the public sector?
Local and national government organisations such as the NHS.
What is the domino effect, in basic terms?
When one industry collapses, it leads to the collapse of others.
What is the negative multiplier effect?
Businesses close down➡️People lose jobs➡️Less money is spent on shops and services➡️Local economy declines➡️More businesses shut down➡️Derelict land puts off investors➡️No new investment➡️Businesses close down (and so on…)
What is deindustrialisation?
Deindustrialisation refers to the decline in secondary industry and the corresponding growth in tertiary and quaternary industries.
What are the positive impacts of deindustrialisation?
✅More available land for future development.
✅Less water used in industrial processes.
✅Less energy required to operate machines➡️Reduces CO2 emissions.
✅Reduced traffic congestion near factories.
✅Reduced noise and air pollution.
What are the negative impacts of deindustrialisation?
❌Derelict land looks unsightly.
❌Deteriorating infrastructure (e.g: lack of investment in roads).
❌Empty factory buildings (and associated buildings).
❌Manufacturing goods further away leads to greater transport problems and pollution elsewhere.
What investment happened as a result of deindustrialisation in Glasgow?
- New art gallery hosts the famous Burrell collection.
- New conference and science centre.
- Riverside museum of travel and transport.
- Development of riverside apartments and restaurants along the River Clyde.
- New BBC headquarters for Scotland’s TV and radio broadcasting.
What are the economic impacts of deindustrialisation?
❌Loss of income for workers.
❌Loss of income for local shops and services➡️People have less money to spend.
❌Loss of government tax.
❌Rising demand for income-support benefits.
❌Migration away from the city as skilled workers move to find employment elsewhere.
What is the cycle of growth which occurs following government investment?
New industries encouraged to locate in the area➡️Jobs created➡️People have more money to spend in local shops/services➡️Local economy grows➡️New image encourages new investors➡️People move into area➡️New industries…
What is a brownfield site?
A site which has been used for buildings or other development but has been left become derelict.
It will need improving or clearing before it can be used again.
What is a greenfield site?
Land which has not been built on but which has been designated for development.
What is meant by an ‘affordable home’?
Homes which are provided at/below the market price.
Developers are now obligated to built a certain number on large estates.
What was/is Fort Dunlop?
- Built in 1916, Fort Dunlop was a tyre storage facility on the outskirts of Birmingham.
- It closed in the 1980s and became one of Birmingham’s major brownfield sites.
- Opened in 2006, Fort Dunlop has become a sustainable 24-hour community including a 100 bed hotel, a business park with office and retail space and places to eat and drink.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of building on a greenfield site?
✅No clean-up costs.
✅Land is often large and regularly shaped; easy to build large buildings.
✅Easy to plan because it’s a blank canvas.
❌Valuable farmland is lost.
❌Negative impact on rural landscape.
❌Greenfield sites have no existing roads, water or energy infrastructures➡️Developers must pay the cost of installation.
❌Local people and environmentalists often object.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of building on a brownfield site?
✅Infrastructure already exists.
✅Easier planning permission.
✅As a form of recycling, it is more sustainable than greenfield.
✅Reduces the need for car travel as sites are in inner cities.
✅Improves the look of run-down areas and could increase property values.
❌Can be more expensive than developing greenfield sites because of clean-up costs involved.
❌Most brownfield land in former industrial areas is far away from areas where housing demand is.
❌Land is often small and irregular, with existing land uses surrounding.
What are the three areas of possible future growth in the UK economy?
- The digital economy.
- Education and research.
- Green employment.
Where might the digital economy expand next?
- More home internet use.
- Environmental management.
- Health care.
- Education.
- Tele-working.
What are the biggest research and development sectors in the UK?
- Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.
- Aerospace and defence.
- Software.
- Car industry.
- Telecommunications.
What is the ‘green’ sector trying to improve?
Air and water quality.
Give examples of work in the ‘green’ sectors.
- Products from renewable materials.
- Efficient buildings.
- Tertiary industries.
- Quaternary services.
Why does it make sense for jobs in the UK to go to foreign workers?
- Immigration can meet skill shortages.
- Entrepeneurs with new ideas can come to the UK to set up new businesses.
- They can help balance the UK’s ageing population.
- Lower skilled workers can provide a low cost workforce.
What is tele-working?
People working from home.
What is self-employment?
Working for yourself.
What is meant flexible working?
Working part time, job sharing and/or starting and finishing at different times.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a ‘job for life’?
✅Job security.
✅Sick pay and pensions.
❌Less variety, independence and flexibility.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of flexible working?
✅Better health➡️Less stress, less traffic.
✅Better productivity.
❌Lower wages.
❌Isolation from colleagues.
❌No break from work when its always with you at home.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of self employment?
✅Variety, independence and flexibility.
❌No sick pay or pension.
❌No job security.
Why are changing working practices likely to continue in the future?
- Companies save money when people use their own home as a workplace rather than office space.
- Technology developments mean that telecommuting and home working is likely to become even easier.
Why has the total workforce in the UK only grown by 3 million in the past 50 years?
The population has increased but more young people stay on in education until 18/21 and there are more elderly people who do not work.
Why have average wages in the UK increased in the past 50 years?
Unskilled and skilled manual jobs are now rare, most workers have qualifications and skills.
Why has the amount of women in the workforce of the UK increased in the past 50 years?
Women are more independent, marry later on in life, have fewer children and focus more on their careers.
Why are more people working part time since the 1960s?
The UK workforce is more flexible and people move jobs more often. Part-time work suits many people with families.
Why have the average working hours decreased in the past 50 years?
Partly because more people are working part-time, and some people work at home. Rigid ‘9 to 5’ jobs are less common today.
