U2 - Attribution Theory

Question 1

What defines attribution

Answer 1

Process through which we seek information that helps to understand and explain behaviour, in order to draw inferences
-> we seek to understand, explain, and control ourselves and others

Question 2

What is the Theory of Correspondent inference

Answer 2

How others act is a reflection of what they are, so their behaviour is a guide to their traits. But we must take into account external influences that may influence their behaviour

Question 3

In concordance with Theory of Correspondent inference when are situational factors relevant?

Answer 3

they are relevant for informative action that rules out other possible causes and allows us to zero-in on a specific reason for their behavior.

Question 4

In concordance with Theory of Correspondent inference why and when is free will relevant to situational factors?

Answer 4

If the person seem conduct their behaviour freely then we can amount their behaviour to their character. If the behaviour seems imposed then we CAN CONSIDER IT SITUATIONAL

Question 5

In concordance with Theory of Correspondent inference why and when is non-common effect relevant to situational factors?

Answer 5

Noncommon effects help us narrow down the motivation for a behavior by focusing on the unique outcomes that aren’t shared with other possible choices.

Question 6

In concordance with Theory of Correspondent inference what is social desirability?

What happens when we behave in a way that is against social norms?

Answer 6

Behaving in socially desirable way is considered NORMAL, this behavior will always go unnoticed
-> An action that violates social norms will stand out more and lead to attributions more related
to the person’s traits

Question 7

What is Covariation Theory?

Answer 7

Explains how we attribute causes to people’s behavior based on how it changes (or “covaries”) with different factors.

-> we look for patterns to understand whether a specific behavior was done because of internal or external motivators

Question 8

Considering covariation theory; what are the types of attribution

Answer 8

Internal attribution: to the person’s disposition
External attribution: to the person’s situation

To answer the question of what type of attribution it is we have to look at more information: consensus; consistency; distinctiveness

Question 9

Consensus

Answer 9

the extent to which other people react to a given stimulus/event in the same manner as the person we are evaluating.

Question 10

consistency

Answer 10

the extent to which the person in question reacts to the stimulus/event in the same way on other occasions over time.

Question 11

distinctiveness

Answer 11

the extent to which the person reacts in the same manner to other similar
but different event/stimuli.

Question 12

how the different combinations of informations equal to their respective attributions?

Answer 12

Internal attribution:
Low consensus, high consistency and low distinctiveness

External attribution:
High consensus, high consistency and high distinctiveness

Question 13

What does the covariation theory also consider to other dimensions?

Answer 13

internanl and external
The dimension of stableness over time - likely or unlikely to change
The dimension of how controllable are things - how likely can factors can be controlled or uncontrolled

Question 14

Internal vs External

Answer 14

goals, schemas, fatigue, motivation vs accident or weather

Question 15

Stable vs Unstable

Answer 15

personality traits, social norms vs mood, fatigue, or motivation.

Question 16

Controllable vs Uncontrollable

Answer 16

goals or time we study vs accidents or encountering someone.

Question 17

What do we use the three dimensions for?

Answer 17

To understand the world around us and other’s behaviors

Question 18

What does fate attribution consistute?

Answer 18

This is the belief that certain events are “meant to be” or happen for a specific reason. People with this view often think that events are controlled by forces beyond human understanding, such as destiny, fate, or spiritual forces.
It suggests that there is one essential cause for why things happen, rather than a mix of complex factors. For example, someone might say, “It was fate that we met,” implying that the meeting was destined to happen, not just a coincidence.

Question 19

What does Personal choice consistute

Answer 19

In contrast, attributing events to personal choice emphasizes that people’s actions and decisions are the main reasons why things happen. Here, events are seen as the result of an individual’s choices and behaviors rather than being controlled by external forces.

Question 20

Question: What are the five basic channels of nonverbal communication?

Answer 20

Answer: The five basic channels of nonverbal communication are: facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, posture, and touching.

Question 21

Question: How do nonverbal cues play a role in doctor-patient relationships?

Answer 21

Answer: Research suggests that doctors who are better at recognizing their patients’ emotional reactions through facial expressions receive higher ratings from their patients. Doctors who scored higher on tests of their ability to communicate emotions nonverbally also received higher ratings from patients.

Question 22

Question: What is paralanguage?

Answer 22

Answer: Paralanguage is a type of nonverbal communication that includes vocal effects other than speech, such as tone and pitch. For example, a person can communicate anger through tone and volume without explicitly saying that they are angry.

Question 23

Question: How can posture affect performance in a job interview?

Answer 23

Answer: Research indicates that a more powerful posture can make people feel more powerful and confident. This can result in a better interview performance. For example, a study found that participants who were instructed to hold a high-power pose were more likely to gamble with a given sum of money and also exhibited an increase in testosterone, which is associated with confidence and dominance.

Question 24

Question: Are people good at recognizing when others are lying?

Answer 24

Answer: Generally, people are not much better than chance at determining whether others are lying. One reason for this is that we tend to perceive others as being truthful and therefore don’t look for cues of deception. Another reason is that social norms often discourage us from being suspicious of others.

Question 25

Question: What are microexpressions?

Answer 25

Answer: Microexpressions are fleeting facial expressions that last only a few tenths of a second. They are difficult to suppress, so they can be a good indicator of deception.

Question 26

Question: What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 26

Answer: The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that facial expressions can trigger emotions. For example, smiling may actually cause you to feel happier.

Question 27

Question: What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 27

Answer: The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that facial expressions can trigger emotions. For example, smiling may actually cause you to feel happier.

Question 28

Question: How can first impressions be changed?

Answer 28

Answer: First impressions can be changed by:
○
acquiring new information
○
rejecting existing information
○
reinterpreting the information that produced the initial impression
○
For example, if you initially thought someone was rude, you might change your mind if you learn that they were acting that way due to a stressful situation.

Question 29

Question: How does culture affect the self-serving bias?

Answer 29

Answer: The self-serving bias is weaker in cultures that emphasize group outcomes and group harmony, such as many Asian cultures. This may be because in these cultures, it is less socially acceptable to take credit for successes and blame others for failures.

Question 30

action identification

Answer 30

The interpretation we place on an act—in terms of differing degrees of abstraction