U2 AOS2 Behaviour Flashcards
Define social cognition
How people interpret, analyse, remember, and use information to make judgements about others in different social settings.
Define person perception
Mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of others
Define cognitive bias
A limitation in thinking that is caused by the tendency for us to perceive information through a filter of personal experience and preferences.
Describe personal attributions
Characteristics of the person (internal factors)
Describe situational attributions
Characteristics due to external factors
Describe the Actor-Observer Bias with example
We attribute our own behaviour using situational factors, yet others’ behaviour using internal factors
Eg - I failed the test because the questions were unfair, they failed the test because they didn’t study
Describe Fundamental Attribution Error with example
We overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the influence of situational factors on other people’s’ behaviour
Eg. A student is arguing with a teacher because they dropped rubbish. You decide that student is a rule-breaker and rebellious. You don’t consider if the student is under a lot or pressure, if someone else may be responsible, etc.
Describe Self-Serving Bias with an example
We take credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors
Eg - I won that hand of poker because I am highly skilled, or I lost that hand of poker because I was dealt a bad hand.
Define stereotypes
A stereotype is a collection of beliefs we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences
What are the pros of stereotypes?
- allow us to process and make judgments by using available information quickly, often without conscious thought
- stereotypes allow us to respond quickly to groups and situations because of our experience
What are the cons of stereotypes
- stereotypes can be inaccurate and difficult to change, as they may be based on cognitive biases (incorrect or inadequate information)
- it can lead to social stigma - negative labels. This may result in disapproval, rejection, and may have harmful effects on psychological wellbeing
- can lead to prejudice, with beliefs of ‘them’ and ‘us’
Define attitudes
An attitude is an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.
What are the three components of the Tri-Component Model
Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive
What classifies as Ingroup?
A group that you belong to or identify with
What classifies as an Outgroup?
Any group you do not belong to or identify with
Define Prejudice
Prejudice is an unfavourable or negative attitude towards a group of people or members of a group, solely based on their membership of that group
Define Discrimination
Discrimination is the action/behaviour that expresses the attitude of prejudice and it is often an individual who is the victim.
What is Social Influence?
Social influence is the effects of the presence of actions of others, either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave
What is a group?
A group is any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose
Define Status
Status refers to the importance of an individual’s position in the group, as perceived by members of the group
Define Power
Power refers to an individual or group’s ability to control or influence thoughts, feelings and behaviour of another person or group
Define Social Power
Social Power refers to power within a social interaction
What are the six types of power?
Reward power Coercive power Information Power Legitimate Power Expert Power Referent Power
What is a role?
A role is the behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way they function or act in different situations and life in general
Define obedience
Obedience occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules and laws of our society.
Define conformity
Conformity is the tendency to adjust one’s own thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations (social norms).
Explain the Bystander effect
The bystander effect is the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present, or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone.
Define social norms
Social Norms are standards that govern what people should or should not do in different social situations
Define bullying
Bullying is a form of aggressive behaviour where one person intentionally and repeatedly causes harm to another
