U2 Flashcards
In general, IoT is currently changing our lives where it gives birth to many novel applications and technologies. Figure 2.1 depicts some use case of IoT that will widely improve our lives. For instance:
Aruba Networks (n.d.) believes that “by 2019, 87% of healthcare organizations will have adopted Internet of Things (IoT) technology.” In this regard, Google (n.d.) also found that by using its new smart glass (which connected to the Internet) it becomes easier for doctors to access their patients’ information, thus decreasing the time required to diagnose disease.
Similarly, “recent research by Bosch found that?
connected cars will reduce traffic accident injuries by 350,000 ever year and save approximately 11,000 lives by 2025”. In agriculture, it will be much easier to know where, when, and how much seed to plant using sensors, pre-planned seeding maps, and GPS-connected equipment. Accordingly, high-precision farming certainly will turn growing food into a more efficient process and will help farmers keep up with rising food production needs.
In fact, IoT has a clear impact on our lives through introducing?
a new wave of smart consumer and industrial applications. Specifically, consumer IoT (CIoT)
consumer IoT (CIoT):
refers to the category of applications which targets consumer applications and devices, such as wearables or smart home gadgets.
Similarly, industrial IoT (IIOT) is a?
term used to describe those IoT applications in industries, such as industrial robots or IoT logistics systems manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, agriculture, automotive, and industrial markets.
The primary differences between CIoT and IIoT are :
the types of devices and applications,
the technologies which power them,
and their purpose,
but eventually both terms emerge from IoT and there are as much overlaps as there are differences.
Listed below are over 1,600 enterprise IoT projects generated by IoT Analytics, Inc. These projects are classified according to the IoT segment and the location. For instance:
45% of the projects are realized in the US, 23% in developing smart city environments, and 17% in the sector of connected industry.
IoT Analytics discovered that approximately half of the smart city projects (45%) are in Europe, while the Americas lead in the areas of connected health and connected cars, with 55% and 54% of global projects today, respectively.
Chinese enterprises primarily adopt IoT to increase?
competitiveness while American companies tend to adopt IoT in effort to reduce costs.
The IIoT technology generally covers several use cases, industries, and applications. Specifically, IIoT opens the door for various opportunities in:
automation,
optimization,
intelligent manufacturing and smart industry,
asset management,
and industrial control.
Nevertheless, industrial IoT is not limited only to manufacturing as it also covers device connectivity across all industries, such as:
=healthcare.
Wearables, mobile apps, and data-based diagnostics could revolutionize the way patients access and receive medical services.
=business.
Corporations can take advantage of smart buildings to optimize the energy use.
=retail.
Industrial IoT applications can increase supply chain efficiencies.
=transportation.
connected sensors can be used for fuel consumption optimization and fleet maintenance.
=utilities.
Smart grid technologies greatly assist in detecting and isolating outages, handling priority routing to emergency services, and integrating customer-owned power generation systems into the grid.
Before delving into the IIoT use cases and applications, some of the significant benefits of adopting IIoT technologies, such as?
improving efficiency, increasing uptime, and improving safety, are discussed.
In general, most companies can save?
money, time, or both by leveraging their connected devices.
For instance?
energy can be wasted if the lights are not switched off or if machines are kept running even when they are not in use. These sources of unnecessary electricity use can significantly increase the costs of large-scale operations.
In addition to operation efficiency, manpower efficiencies can also be achieved with?
adopting IIoT.
Many jobs which require the frequent intervention of humans, e.g., monitoring oil tanks levels, can be difficult to manage. In this regard, IIoT assists through?
deploying a wireless control system that frequently does the job, e.g., reads the oil level, thus achieving higher manpower efficiency.
Accenture:
This is a global management consulting firm that provides strategy, consulting, digital, technology, and operations services.
Similarly, downtime incurs huge risk and cost, especially for oil and gas production. Fortunately, IIoT can highly help in reducing?
the unexpected machines downtime.
IIoT uses sensors, networks, and data analytics to generate?
predictive insight into the degradation of equipment performance and predict possible failures, pipeline networks, and refineries.
A recent study by Accenture (2015) mentioned that IIoT can reduce the machinery breakdowns by ?
70% together with reducing the overall maintenance costs by 30%.
High-volume manufacturing industries leverage sensor data and advanced analytics to improve?
the operational efficiency where the early identification of process deviation enables proper corrections in a timely manner.
Transportation is another industry leveraging IoT advancement?
To identify potential breakdowns, heavy truck industries exploit streaming data from the engines and subsystems.
To identify potential breakdowns, heavy truck industries exploit streaming data from the engines and subsystems. Thanks to this data?
=efficient maintenance visits can be scheduled outside of operating hours.
= IoT sensors can also be attached to the trailers or actual loads being transported.
For instance, heat, vibration, and sound frequency can all be fused to?
monitor the safe transport of freight. In the automotive sector, onboard diagnostic data is collected for early detection of equipment failure, safety risks, and defects.
A smart city is another powerful application of IoT, generating curiosity among many people worldwide. Examples of IoT applications for smart cities are:
smart surveillance, automated transportation, smarter energy management systems, water distribution, urban security and environmental monitoring.
Through these solutions, IoT will solve major problems faced by people living in urban areas including:
pollution, traffic congestion, and shortage of energy supplies.
For instance:
waste management systems will utilize cellular communication-enabled Smart Belly Trash which will send alerts to municipal services when a bin needs to be emptied. By installing sensors and using web applications, citizens can find free available parking slots across the city. Additionally, the deployed sensors can efficiently detect meter tampering issues, general malfunctions, and any installation issues in the electricity system.
In the context of IIoT, the giant online retail company Amazon invested $775 million in 2012 to?
evolve the warehousing mechanism. The company makes use of an army of Wi-Fi-connected kiva robots.
The core idea behind this technology is to?
enable the robots to locate and retrieve products on the shelves for the workers rather than having employees go to the shelves to hunt for the products.
In 2014, the robots helped Amazon cut its operating costs by 20%. Similarly, Bosch devised an IIoT-based program called “track and trace.” In Bosch, they noticed that workers would spend a sizable amount of their time hunting down tools. Therefore, they decided to?
attach sensors to their tools to track them, thus reducing the amount of time wasted.
The Japanese company, Hitachi (n.d.), offers an IoT platform known as “Lumada” for ?
creating value from customer data
and accelerating digital solutions.
Additionally, the company makes a plethora of products leveraging connected technology, including trains.
Hitachi has also developed an IoT-enhanced production model which can reduce the production time by half.
Along a similar line, the Danish shipping company, Maersk (2018), has embraced IIoT to?
keep track of its assets and optimize fuel consumption.
This technology has proven to be extremely beneficial for refrigerated containers, whose contents could spoil in the absence of tight temperature control. Currently, Maersk is using blockchain technology to optimize its supply chain operations further.
In the field of smart energy management, Real-Time Innovations (RTI)—jointly with several partners—
has devised a technology that divides the power grid into an array of microgrids that can each be managed independently.
Through this technology, complex energy networks which ?
span from solar panels to windmills to traditional natural gas, coal, and nuclear plants, can be easily managed.
In the area of industrial safety, the steelmaker North Star BlueScope has attached wearables in helmets and wristbands in a proof-of-concept project to?
help managers track employee safety and spot hazardous scenarios before they lead to injuries.
There exists a wide variety of products and services under the broad umbrella of CIoT, such as:
connected baby monitors,
smart watches,
and monitored smart security systems.
The figure below demonstrates a broad classification of the CIoT applications, including:
home, person, transportation, and outdoor/public space (NextMarket, 2018).
The former category comprises smart home and home automation, products usually connected by?
these systems (locks, light, sensors, etc.), smart home security, and virtual assistants like Amazon Echo.
The second category includes:
wearables, smart clothing, and augmented or virtual reality (AR/VR).
The transportation category comprises?
assisted and autonomous driving, navigation, diagnostics, and infotainment.
Finally, the outdoor/public space category includes?
drones and robotics, connected sports, and smart shopping.
In the home category, smart commercial or residential buildings have widely been accepted by many consumers thanks to their technologies installed to lower costs, become?
energy efficient and reduce the overall carbon footprint and foster a healthy environment.
For example,
smart meters can control energy consumption.
Smart meters are devices which can?
measure and record electricity consumption times and levels and automatically transmit this information to the power authority.
Accordingly, billing can be much more accurate when electricity consumption is ?
measured and transmitted in small time intervals, e.g., as small as every 10 minutes. Moreover, newer models of these meters allow the consumers to learn about their energy consumption.
measured and transmitted in small time intervals, e.g.?
as small as every 10 minutes
Moreover, newer models of these meters allow the consumers to learn about their ————————————————–. A related feature to smart meters is ————— the utility company from installing a device, with the consent of the consumers, to remotely adjust the electricity consumption during ————————— periods, such as setting a higher thermostat temperature during a heat wave, to ease pressure on the —————————.
energy consumption
enabling
peak consumption
electrical grid
Smart homes typically comprise smart entertainment systems, such as smart TVs. A smart TV is any television that can be?
-connected to the Internet to access streaming media services
-and that can run entertainment apps,
- including on-demand video-rental services, Internet music stations or Web browsers.
Recent models are also equipped with video cameras, microphones with voice and gesture recognition. Through these capabilities, smart TVs can wirelessly connect to several other devices, e.g.,
laptops, wireless keyboards, mice, smartphones and tablets, thus simplifying content sharing.
Furthermore, smart TVs can observe consumption and viewing habits. Based on this collected data, they can make?
smart recommendations or serve ads based on the analysis of the content being consumed across media and platforms.
Beside entertainment, smart appliances are an important part of a smart home. Some smart appliances, such as :
refrigerators, are equipped with sensors to detect the freshness of food thus preventing food spoilage and saving the consumers’ money. Another scenario of a seamless device integration suggests that a user watching a cooking show could send an interesting recipe to the refrigerator, by means of the smart TV. The refrigerator checks whether the required groceries are available. If the ingredients are available, the user can remotely connect to the oven to preheat. Otherwise, the refrigerator may send a list of missing ingredients to an online grocery store.
Another piece of smart home technology receiving significant interest in consumers’ homes is the smart security system. These systems usually provide important features, such as:
smart door locks, garage openers, video cameras, night vision, door and window sensors, and movement, fire, and temperature sensors.
These monitoring devices can be self-monitored or monitored by a telecommunication or home security company. Such companies typically team up with?
data analytics providers to offer more tailored advice or solutions to a given user.
In fact, smart home monitoring can ensure security. Nevertheless, all these benefits come at the expense of?
a privacy cost which may not be immediately apparent to those consumers.
In the “Person” category, sensors are to be worn by people to achieve several objectives. One of the most important CIoT applications is?
the care of elders. the activities of seniors can be effectively monitored. To this end, various inputs from a microphone, motion sensor, paging service, and real-time streaming data are to be collected. Such a sensing system can monitor behavior patterns to detect falls, determine if dementia is present or progressing, and track sleep patterns. In addition, an alert can be sent to adults or caretakers if something goes wrong.
In this regard, Temboo, an American giant for IoT hardware and software, developed an application through which?
the activities of seniors can be effectively monitored. To this end, various inputs from a microphone, motion sensor, paging service, and real-time streaming data are to be collected.
