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BGS Bio AS1 > U1T3 & U1T4 - Keywords > Flashcards

U1T3 & U1T4 - Keywords Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells?

A

Basic unit from which organisms are built up. They are the basic unit of life.

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2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

The theory of cells, their functions and how they work.

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3
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Organisms which are made up of just one cell. e.g. Amoeba

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4
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Organisms which are made up of millions of cells e.g. Humans

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5
Q

Organelles

A

Little organs

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Found amongst bacteria + other members of the kingdom ‘prokaryotae’. They have no nucleus + very few organelles. No membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, RER)

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Found amongst organisms belonging to the other 4 kingdoms ‘plants, animal, fungi, protoctista’. They have nuclei + many organelles, some of which are bound by their own membranes (mitochondria), whilst others aren’t (ribosomes)

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8
Q

Membranes

A

A microscopic double layer of lipids + proteins forming the boundary of cells/organelles.

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9
Q

Naked DNA

A

When DNA isn’t incorporated into chromosomes around histone proteins.

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10
Q

Biotechnology

A

Exploitation of bio processes for industrial/other purposes.

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11
Q

Nutrient Cycles

A

Movement + exchange of organic/inorganic matter back into the production of matter.

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12
Q

Cell Wall

A

Strong rigid structure which gives cell shape + protection against swelling + bursting due to osmosis. Made from peptidoglycan. Permeable to water + other small molecules but not proteins + acids (same function as cellulose in cell walls of green plants)

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13
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Polsaccharide + protein

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14
Q

Permeable

A

Allowing liquids or gases to pass through it.

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15
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Fluid mosaic membrane made of lipids + proteins. Sometimes it’s invaginated to form mesosomes.

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16
Q

Fluid mosaic membrane

A

A flexible layer of lipid molecules interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels where other molecules enter/leave cell. Some proteins are extrinsic and some are intrinsic. Proteins have hydrophobic regions in contact with lipid layer whilst hydrophilic regions face out.

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17
Q

Invaginated

A

Turned inside out/folded back on itself to form a cavity/ pouch.

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18
Q

Mesosomes

A

An organelle of bacteria that appears as an invagination of the plasma membrane + functions either in DNA replication + cell division/excretion of exoenzymes.

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19
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

The process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen.

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20
Q

Slime layer

A

Many bacteria that cause disease have this structure which gives it protection against host body’s defences.

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21
Q

Ring of DNA

A

This bacterial chromosome is a single stranded closed loop of DNA which doesn’t contain histone proteins as in eukaryotic chromosomes (naked DNA)

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains few organelles except ribosomes which are smaller than the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. (organelles outside nucleus)

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23
Q

Flagellum

A

To enable the bacteria to move, they’re anchored in the cell membrane.

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24
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

The lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material + nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

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25
Q

Chromatin

A

When DNA occurs as a helical structure, combined with histone proteins.

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26
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis.

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27
Q

Cellulose

A

Insoluble substance which is main part of plant cell walls. Polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

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28
Q

Chitin

A

Fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides, which is major part in exoskeleton of arthropods + cell walls of fungi.

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29
Q

Protoplasm

A

All of contents within cell surface membrane, including nucleus.

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30
Q

Cytosol

A

The part of the cell within the cell surface membrane but outside the nucleus + other membrane bound organelles (liquid)

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31
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The structure of the cell membrane.

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32
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Thin barrier which separates internal components of cell from external (extracellular) environment. Regulates passage of substances into and out of the cell.

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33
Q

Phospholipids

A

Lipids that contain phosphorous.

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34
Q

Cholesterol

A

Steroid

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35
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipids with one or more sugars attached.

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36
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

When phospholipids line up In 2 parallel layers. The end with the phosphate group is hydrophilic (Polar/soluble) which point outwards and form H2 bonds with water molecules in cytosol or extracellular fluid whilst the other is hydrophobic (non-polar/insoluble) which are mutually attracting and point inwards.

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37
Q

Selective Barrier

A

A substance which only allows certain substances to leave and enter.

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38
Q

Intrinsic proteins

A

Membrane proteins which are fixed in one half of the phospholipid bilayer.

39
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

When intrinsic membrane proteins straddle both halves of the bilayer.

40
Q

Extrinsic proteins

A

Proteins which are attached to the outside of the phospholipid bilayer.

41
Q

Surface carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrate molecules present in the form of short polysaccharide chains which stick out from the outer surface of the plasma membrane, facing the extracellular fluid.

42
Q

Glycolax

A

Extracellular coating on surface carbohydrates.

43
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule which can attach

44
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance which is foreign to the body. Usually protein on surface membrane of bacterial/viral cell.

45
Q

Antibody

A

Protein which recognises and destroys antigens.

46
Q

Supercoiled

A

When chromosomes are wound around a bead of histone proteins.

47
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Densely stained region of nucleus. Highly compacted. Contains inactive DNA.

48
Q

Euchromatin

A

Poorly stained region of nucleus. Less tightly packed. Contains active DNA. Site of transcription of mRNA/tRNA + DNA replication.

49
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened fluid filled spaces in the endoplasmic reticulum.

50
Q

Lysosome

A

Tiny vesicle (0.5um) that contains lytic digestive enzymes known as lysozymes. They are surrounded by a membrane which separates their contents from the rest of the cell’s contents. Made by golgi body. Important in digestion of degenerate organelles (membrane enclosed + with which lysosomes coalesce) Sometimes release enzymes to digest the whole cell. (autolysis) Budded off golgi + may fuse with phagosomes containing phagocytosed material.

51
Q

Phagosome

A

Membrane bound vesicle in phagocyte

52
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cell organelle in which biochemical reactions associated with aerobic respiration take place so most of the cell’s energy is produced in form of ATP (power the cell) (2-10um) Surrounded by envelope consisting of 2 membranes. Usually bean shaped. Increases surface area of membrane available for reactions.(ETC)Matrix contains enzymes with control Krebs cycle + contains small ribosomes/circular DNA/Calcium phosphate crystals.

53
Q

Microfilaments

A

Long thin threads (4-6nm) made up of actin (protein). Involved with cell movements (migratory movements of WBCs) Also involved in cell division + endocytosis.

54
Q

Microtubules

A

Long hollow tubes made of tubulin (protein) Rigid structures forming the cytoskeleton, also provide network aiding movement of structures within cell. (25nm long) Also involved in transporting structures + substances within cell + found in cilia + flagella. Capable of growing + shrinking to generate force. Motor proteins allow organelles + other cellular components to be carried along a microtubule.

55
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibres which maintain cell shape + keep organelles anchored in place.

56
Q

Microfibril

A

Many cellulose molecules cross linked to each other.

57
Q

Primary cell wall

A

Many microfibrils orientated in diff directions, loose arrangement allows cell wall to expand as cell grows.

58
Q

Protoplasm

A

Tiny strands of cytoplasm

59
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Thin strands of protoplasm which penetrate cell walls of plant cells + connect cytoplasm of 1 cell to another. (physical + metabolic connections) Substances can move without having to pass through walls + membranes. e.g. mineral ions

60
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

When cell reaches full size, more layers of cellulose in the same direction but diff to primary cell wall are added to it which provides strong lattice arrangement.

61
Q

Lignin

A

Substance found in xylem vessels which hardens and further strengthens the wall.

62
Q

Chloroplast

A

Large cell organelles (4-10um) containing chlorophyll + found in green plants. Trap energy for photosynthesis producing carbohydrate food molecules from CO2 + H20. Mostly found in palisade layer of leaves.

63
Q

Thylakoids

A

Disc shaped cavities which make up granum.

64
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Substance containing polysaccharides bound to glycoproteins or glycolipids which extends from outer phosopholipid layer of membrane. Carbohydrate layer on the outside of the cell.

65
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells (muscle tissue)

66
Q

Organ

A

Collection of different tissues that together form a specialised function (plant leaf)

67
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Single celled organisms (Euglena)

68
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Organisms made of many cells. (Mammals)

69
Q

Magnification

A

Number of times the image is larger than the specimen. Depends on type of lens used.

70
Q

Resolving power

A

Resolution of a microscope. Ability to distinguish between 2 objects very close together as 2 separate structures.

71
Q

Cell ultrastructure

A

Very fine detail of subcellular structure.

72
Q

Microsomes

A

Vesicles of disrupted endoplasmic reticulum

73
Q

Homogenisation

A

AKA. Cell fractionation. The breaking up of material, can be done with pestle + mortar or blender.

74
Q

Centrifugation

A

Placing homogenised material into centrifuge tubes + spinning at high speed. Heavier particles will move to bottom of tube whilst lighter ones remain at top in supernatant.

75
Q

SEUs

A

Small Eyepiece Units (smallest divisions in the eyepiece graticule)

76
Q

Artefacts

A

Distortion due to preparation techniques.

77
Q

Viruses

A

Very small (20-750nm), not like cells. Have capsid which surrounds nucleic acid (RNA/DNA). Inert unless attached to living cell.

78
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat of a virus which encloses nucleic acid. Arranged into capsomers which are closely associated with nucleic acid + reflect its configuration (rod helix/polygon sphere)

79
Q

Bacteriophages

A

AKA Phages. Normally have DNA core + parasitic on bacteria. Inside host cells, viral DNA codes for new protein production for new protein coats. DNA replicates to make copies which are packaged within protein coats, forming new viruses. Bacterial cell is eventually destroyed. Distinct head and tail. Contractile sheath contains hollow core.

80
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Have RNA core, typical capsid + lipid bilayer containing glycoprotein. Deliver RNA into host cell with reverse transcriptase which catalyses synthesis of DNA from RNA. DNA then makes new viruses by synthesising new capsids + viral RNA. Known as retroviruses.

81
Q

Retroviruses

A

Viruses which use viral RNA as template to make DNA.

82
Q

Stroma

A

Chloroplast matrix which contains enzymes for light independent reactions. Contains small ribosomes + circular DNA.

83
Q

Autolysis

A

When lysosomes release their enzymes, digesting the whole cell.

84
Q

Virion

A

When a single virus is in its complete form and has reached full infectivity outside the cell. Disease causing organisms which contain only 1 nucleic acid + have no structural proteins. Contains at least 1 protein synthesised by specific genes in its nucleic acid.

85
Q

Prions

A

Composed primarily of protein tightly integrated with small nucleic acid molecule. Has B-pleated sheets in secondary structure whilst protein has a-helices. Caught by eating infected tissue.

86
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Protein shell + nucleic acid it encloses.

87
Q

Capsomers

A

The way proteins are organised in the capsid.

88
Q

Lipoprotein bilayer

A

2 lipid layers interspersed with protein molecules.

89
Q

Plasmid

A

Genetic structure that can replicate independently of chromosomes. Small circular DNA strand in bacteria’s cytoplasm.

90
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Having a tendency mix with water. Likes water.

91
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Won’t mix with water. Water hating.

92
Q

Secretory Vesicle

A

Vesicle that transports substances from organelle to specific sites at the cell membrane where it attaches and expels its contents.

93
Q

Histone

A

Group of basic proteins found in chromatin.

BGS Bio AS1 (14 decks)

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