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CCEA A2 Biology Unit 1 > U1T2 - Keywords > Flashcards

U1T2 - Keywords Flashcards

Immunity

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1
Q

Immunity

A

The action of the body’s immune system + how it deals with infectious diseases.

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2
Q

Antigen

A

Chemicals capable of producing a specific immune response. Molecule found on surface of living cells. Usually protein, may be nucleic acid/polysaccharide/inorganic molecule. All living cells have them. Self or non-self.

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3
Q

B Lymphocyte

A

If B cell receptors/genes stimulated, begins antibody mediated response. Formed from stem cells in bone marrow, mature in bone marrow, antibody mediated/humoral immunity. Produce antibodies in response to antigens due to bacterial/viral infection.

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4
Q

T Lymphocyte

A

If stimulated, begins cell mediated response. Divides into 4 types of T cell. Formed from stem cells in bone marrow, mature in thymus gland, cell mediated immunity. Respond to antigens attached to body cells (viral infection).

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5
Q

Antibody Mediated Response

A

Where B cell receptors stimulated so produces antibodies into blood stream + other body fluids. AKA humoral response.

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6
Q

Cell Mediated Response

A

If T cell stimulated by own body cells which have been changed by presence of non self material within them, directly destroys cell infected by pathogen. e.g. macrophages, viruses, cancer.

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7
Q

Antibody

A

Specifically shaped globular protein molecule, each responsible for dealing with specific pathogen (complementary to antigen).

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8
Q

Agglutination

A

Cells clumping together. 1st stage in allowing efficient phagocytosis by polymorphs. Allows engulfment + destruction by lysosomal digestion inside cell.

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9
Q

Clonal Expansion

A

Where stimulation of B cells results in cell division + production of new cells. e.g. clone plasma cells + clone memory cells.

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10
Q

Memory Cells

A

Clone cells which are specialised to fight a specific bacteria. Remain in circulation for years/life so secondary infection dealt with more quickly.

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11
Q

Memory T Cells

A

Circulate in body fluids. Rapid infection response for secondary infection.

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12
Q

Helper T Cells

A

Stimulates other immune cells (B cells), speeds up phagocytosis + secretes protein interferon to limit cell division.

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13
Q

Suppressor/Regulating T Cells

A

Stop immune response once invading cells destroys. Prevents autoimmune response.

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14
Q

Killer/Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Destroys infected cells by attaching to antigen on CSM + uses direct enzyme action.

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15
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Transfer of antibodies from 1 organism to another. Short term protection as antibodies eventually broken down.

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16
Q

Active Immunity

A

Own immune system being activated to produce antibodies. Long term immunity due to memory cells produced.

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17
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

Innate Immunity. Natural transfer of antibodies through placental transfer or colostral transfer.

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18
Q

Acquired Passive Immunity

A

Artificial injection of purified antibody (in serum) from blood of recovering patient/previously vaccinated animal.

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19
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Hybridising sensitised B cells from mouse which make required antibody (mouse inoculated with purified antigen) + lab grown cancerous cells. Hybrid cells grown continuously under optimum conditions so continuous antibody supply for medical applications.

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20
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

Catching disease + creating memory cells so protected for life.

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21
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

Vaccines. e.g. Edward Jenner + smallpox. Attenuated/dead pathogens, isolated antigens + toxoids. e.g MMR, HPV, TB.

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22
Q

Attenuated

A

Purposely mutated.

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23
Q

Toxoids

A

Inactive toxins which still activate immune response.

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24
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

Triggered by body’s first contact with certain antigen (vaccine/pathogen encounter) No memory cells, slow response. Produce memory cells for future encounters.

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25
Q

Secondary Immune Response

A

Faster than primary as memory cells can be cloned rapidly (large concs of antibodies produced quickly for B cells) Disease symptoms may not even show as so quick.

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26
Q

Tissue Matching

A

Before organ donated, screened using HLA system. Determines genetic similarity in genes directly involved in antigen production. Fewer differences between donor + recipient HLA genes, more likely to be successful.

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27
Q

Immunosuppressant Drugs

A

After donation, recipient given cocktail of drugs to scale down action of immune system. Interfere with DNA replication of T + B cells so reduce number. Allows organ to function without major damage from immune system.

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28
Q

X-ray Irradiation

A

Radiation from x-rays can be targeted on bone marrow, resulting in recipient producing fewer immune cells (B + T)

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29
Q

HLA

A

Human Leucocyte Antigen

30
Q

ABO system

A

Determined genetically. 4 groups. Based on antigens A + B (agglutinogens) 2 diff antibodies (agglutinins) a + b found in blood plasma. If a comes into contact with A, red blood cells carrying A agglutinate. Same deal with B + b. Example of polymorphism.

31
Q

Agglutinate

A

When cells stick/clump together.

32
Q

Rhesus blood grouping system

A

Involves rhesus factor/group D antigen. (group of antigens)

33
Q

Rh positive

A

People who have rhesus factor antigens so are rhesus positive. (majority)

34
Q

Rh negative

A

Don’t have rhesus factor antigens. Can have 1 transfusion of Rh positive blood with no complications as they have no antibodies against them. Sensitisation occurs. A second transfusion would cause agglutination + potentially death.

35
Q

Sensitisation

A

When a person’s B cells make antibodies against rhesus factor antigens after a transfusion.

36
Q

Haemolytic Disease

A

Massive destruction of child’s RBCs. Baby anaemic, short of breath (not enough O2 transport), jaundiced (breaks down haemoglobin producing other pigments).

37
Q

Antibiotics

A

Group of chemicals which can kill bacteria. Many produced by other organisms as natural defence mechanism + have been purified for use as pharmaceuticals (penicillin)

38
Q

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

A

Caused by genetic mutations in bacteria + overuse of antibiotics. Mutations inherited. Conditions then harder to treat if resistant.

39
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Antibodies used to detect infection earlier or more accurately. Plastic plates with small circular wells on base with colour changing antibodies specific to certain antigens in them. If reaction between antibody + antigen in body fluid, enzyme activated + colour change detected. e.g. cancer, cardiac disease + pregnancy.

40
Q

Cytokines

A

Group of small protein molecules which act as signals during an infection. Associated with T helper cells. Levels of certain cytokines in blood used as biomarkers for disease (TB, rheumatoid arthritis). Many promote inflammation which can help fight infection.

41
Q

Non specific immune response

A

Not specific to individual types of pathogens. e.g. phagocytosis

42
Q

Specific immune response

A

Distinguishes between individual pathogens + tailors response. Takes longer than non-specific but long term immunity. e.g. lymphocytes.

43
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Capillaries in affected area become leaky + allow plasma to seep into surrounding areas. Areas become swollen with pus. Appears red + feels hot due to increased blood flow + to help reduce infection by denaturing enzymes in pathogen.

44
Q

Pus

A

Phagocytes, dead pathogens + cell debris.

45
Q

Phagocytes

A

e.g. polymorphs (most common, arrive first) + macrophages (develops from monocytes, larger + live longer than poly). Can squeeze through capillary walls and engulf pathogens + surrounding cell debris at site of infection.

46
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte moves to pathogen as attraction by chemicals it produces, phagocyte membrane invaginates to enclose pathogen, pathogen engulf + membrane forms vesicle/phagosome around pathogen, lysosomes fuse with phagosome, hydrolytic enzymes in lysosome released into phagosome + hydrolyse pathogen. Soluble digested products absorbed into cytoplasm of phagocyte.

47
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulfed + broken down pathogen + present some of pathogen’s antigens on own cell surface membrane.

48
Q

Viral infected cells

A

Body cell invaded by virus. Some viral antigens presented on CSM of body cell.

49
Q

Cancerous cells

A

Present abnormal antigens on CSM.

50
Q

Serum

A

Blood plasma with all blood clotting substances removed.f

51
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Concept that if high enough proportion of population vaccinated, those who not vaccinated less likely to catch disease (less likely to contact infected person). Important in protecting those who can’t be vaccinated (newborns + critically ill) + those who choose not to be vaccinated.

52
Q

Polymorphism

A

A situation where there are several distinct categories or forms.

53
Q

Epidemic

A

Diseases that spread rapidly through a small region (1 country) + affect higher proportion of population than normal.

54
Q

Pandemic

A

Diseases affecting many thousands of people/several countries at once.

55
Q

HIV

A

Disease causing virus. Those infected with it are called HIV positive. (produce antibodies to antigen of it) Probably mutated from SIV which causes same immunodeficiency in chimps. Transferred to humans in 1900s by bite/handling chimp meat.

56
Q

AIDS

A

Syndrome of diseases associated with long term infection with HIV. Consequences of weakened immune system.

57
Q

Virus reservoirs

A

Animals which harbour viruses that cause disease in humans. Suffer little harm from virus, not adapted to transfer pathogen (chance event)

58
Q

Vectors

A

An organism that transmits disease.

59
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

Drugs which are effective against broader range of microbes than antibiotics.

60
Q

HCG

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

61
Q

Self-tolerance

A

When immune system can recognise self and non self antigens so doesn’t attack its own body cells.

62
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Class of proteins present in serum + cells of immune system, which function as antibodies.

63
Q

Pathogen

A

Bacteria, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

64
Q

Agglutinogens

A

Antigenic substance present in blood cells + bacteria which stimulates formation of agglutinin in blood serum.

65
Q

Xenografts

A

Implantation of tissues from non-human species into humans.

66
Q

Allografts

A

Tissue grafted from one individual to a genetically different individual of the same species.

67
Q

Autografts

A

Tissue grafted from one part of body to another on same individual.

68
Q

Isografts

A

Tissue grafted from one individual to genetically identical individual (twin)

69
Q

IgE

A

Antibody against pollen. Causes release of histamine when pollen attaches to it.

70
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

Diseases caused by antibodies in patient attacking own tissues.

71
Q

Agglutinin

A

Antibody found in blood plasma.

72
Q

Agglutinogen

A

Antigen on CSM of cells.

CCEA A2 Biology Unit 1 (15 decks)

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