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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY UNIT 1 > U1KA5.7.8 > Flashcards

U1KA5.7.8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genome?

A

the genome of an organism is its entire hereditary information encoded in DNA.

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2
Q

What is a genome made up of?

A

of genes and other DNA sequences that do not code for proteins.

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3
Q

What must be used to analyse information about genomes?

A

bioinformatics.

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4
Q

Why must bioinformatics be used?

A

because it would take too long for humans to try to analyse patterns by hand.

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5
Q

What does bioinformatics use?

A

DNA sequence data, computer analysis and statistical analysis.

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6
Q

What is bioinformatics used for?

A

to identify information and genetic patterns in diseases and populations.

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7
Q

What is it called when a person’s genome can be analyzed to find out the likelihood of developing these diseases by checking for these genes?

A

personalized medicine

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8
Q

what can genetic data be used for?

A

to inform medical decisions and choice and also influence the choice of drug treatment for a disease.

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9
Q

What is it called when a patient’s genetic data is used for finding out the best suited drug for the patient?

A

pharmacogenetics

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10
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway involving the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP molecules.

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11
Q

What can cellular respiration be affected by?

A

substrate concentration, pH, temperature and inhibitors.

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12
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP is molecule formed during aerobic respiration.

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13
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

energy is used to add an inorganic phosphate molecule to ADP.

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14
Q

What happens when energy is needed for active transport, DNA replication or protein synthesis?

A

ATP is broken down into ADP and an inorganic phosphate molecule, which releases energy.

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15
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

it is the first stage of cellular respiration and its the breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate.

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

it occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells.

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17
Q

What are the 2 stages of glycolysis called

A

energy investment stage and energy payoff stage.

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18
Q

What happens in the energy investment stage during glycolysis?

A

2 ATP are used to phosphorylate glucose and intermediates.

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19
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

its when ATP is broken down and the inorganic phosphate binds to glucose and intermediates in the glycolysis series of reactions.

20
Q

What happens in the energy payoff stage during glycolysis?

A

4 ATP is produced resulting in a net-gain of 2 ATP. Meaning glycolysis produces 2 ATP in total.

21
Q

What is NAD?

A

its an enzyme that removes hydrogen ions and their electrons from intermediates.

22
Q

What does NAD do during glycolysis?

A

it passes the hydrogen ions and electrons to a co-enzyme NAD to form NADH.

23
Q

What is the second stage of cellular respiration occur?

A

citric acid cycle

24
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitocondria of the cell.

25
Q

What happens during citric acid cycle?

A

Oxygen breaks down pyruvate —> acetyl group
acetyl group + coenzyme A —> acetyl coenzyme A

26
Q

What happens during citric acid cycle?

A

Oxygen breaks down pyruvate —> acetyl group
acetyl group + coenzyme A —> acetyl coenzyme A
Acetyl coenzyme A + oxaloacetate –> citrate
series of enzyme-controlled steps occur and citrate converts back to oxaloacetate which results in the generation of ATP and lease of carbon dioxide.

27
Q

What does NAD do during citric acid cycle?

A

remove hydrogen ions ad electrons from intermediates and pass them to a co-enzyme NAD to form NADH which carries the hydrogen ions and eletrons to the final stage.

28
Q

What is the third stage of cellular respiration?

A

electron transport chain

29
Q

where does electron transport chain occur?

A

in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of the cell

30
Q

What happens during electron transport chain?

A

hydrogen ions and electrons from earlier stages are carried by NAD to the ETC
The energy from electrons are used to pump hydrogen across the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Hydrogen flows back across the membrane through the enzyme ATP synthase, but as it does the ATP synthase rotate causing the production of large amounts of ATP.

31
Q

What is the final acceptor of hydrogen?

A

oxygen

32
Q

what happens when hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen?

A

form water.

33
Q

what happens to the muscle cells during vigorous exercise?

A

they dont get enough oxygen to support the ETC

34
Q

what is pyruvate turning into during vigorous exercise?

A

lactate

35
Q

how is lactate produced?

A

by hydrogen being collected by NAD during glycolysis and used to convert pyruvate into lactate. This regenerates the NAD needed to maintain ATP production through glycolysis.

36
Q

What happens when there is a lactate build up?

A

muscle fatigue

37
Q

what happens once exercise is complete?

A

allows respiration to provide energy to convert lactate back to pyruvate and glucose in the liver

38
Q

what are skeletal muscle fibres made up of?

A

slow and fast twitch muscle fibres.

39
Q

slow twitch muscle fibres contract ____________ but can sustain _______ contractions.

A

relatively slowly, longer

40
Q

what is slow twitch muscle fibres useful for?

A

long-distance running, cycling or cross-country skiing.

41
Q

what does slow twitch muscle fibre rely on?

A

aerobic respiration to generate ATP and have:
- many mitochondria
-a large blood supply
- a high concentration of myoglobin

42
Q

what is myoglobin

A

a oxygen-storing protein

43
Q

what is the major fuel of slow twitch muscle fibre?

A

fats

44
Q

fast twitch muscle fibres contract _______.

A

relatively quickly over short periods

45
Q

what is fast twitch muscle fibres useful for?

A

sprinting or weightlifting

46
Q

fast twitch muscle fibres can generate ATP through _______ and have: ______

A

glycolysis only, fewer mitochondria and a lower blood supply compared to slow twitch muscle fibres.

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY UNIT 1 (6 decks)

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