U10

Question 1

Major Types of Data for Nursing Studies

Answer 1

Self Reports
Observation
Biophysiological Measures

Question 2

Key Dimensions of Data Collection

Answer 2

Structure (can be highly structured or with a flexible structure for naturalistic)

Quantifiability (statistical data collected to be quantified, qualitative data is narrative)

Obtrusiveness (participants knowledge of participation and possible behaviour/response change)

Objectivity (Quant = objective as possible,not with Qual tho)

Question 3

Self Report Methods

Qualitative

Answer 3

Completely Unstructured Interviews, Semistructured Interviews (Focused), Focus Group Interviews, Life Histories, Think Aloud Method, Diaries, Critical Incidents Technique.

Question 4

Self Report Methods

Quantitative

Answer 4

Instrument (formal written document)
Interview Schedule (instrument for F2F Qs)
Questionnaire
Closed-Ended Questions (fixed-alternative questions where the response alternative are respecified by researcher)
Opne-Ended Questions - allow more flow

Question 5

Questionnaires Vs Interviews

Answer 5

Questionnaires = less cost, less time, less effortt, and complete anonymity

Interviews = more response rates, more participants, and more data through interaction with participants

Question 6

Scales and other special forms of Structured Self-Reports

Answer 6

Scale (assigns a numeric score on a continuum)

Likert Scale (how much agree/disagree scale)

Summated Rating Scales (person’s scores on likeness scals is determined by suing item scores)

Semantic Differential (respondents rate concepts on a series of bipolar adjectives… scoring similar to likert scale)

Visual Analog Scale (a straight line to put responses on and is measured)

Question 7

Response Set Biases

Answer 7

Social Desirability Set Bias (misrepresentations of attitudes/traits by giving prevailing social view answers)

Extreme Response set bias (tendency to answer in extremes)

Acquiescence Response Set Bias (Yea-sayers and Nay-sayers tendencies)

Question 8

Counterbalancing

Answer 8

negatively and positivity worded statements, guaranteeing the confidentiality of response

Question 9

Vignettes

Answer 9

brief descriptions of situations to which respondents are asked to react. (how would you handle this situation)

Question 10

Q sorts

Answer 10

typically 60-100 cards with statements or questions and participants sort the cards into piles from agree to disagree, or a continuum in the middle.

Question 11

Evaluation of Self-Report Methods

Answer 11

most common data collection method for nursing studies.

Accuracy of elf reports only as accurate as their answers

Question 12

Critiquing Self Reports

Answer 12

Degree of structure used in the questioning
wether interviews or questionnaires were used
how the instruments were administered
where the interviews too place

Question 13

Observational Methods

Answer 13

Flexibility:
-focus of the observation
concealment (decreased reactivity = tendency for ppl to change behaviour when they know they're being watched)
duration of observation
method of recording

Question 14

Qualitative Observational Methods

Answer 14

Participant Observation (researcher partakes in group activities)

Question 15

Gathering Participant Observation Data

Answer 15

• physical settings (where)
• the participants (what)
• Activities (what)
• Frequency and duration (when)
• Process (how)
• Outcomes (why)

Question 16

Recording observations

Answer 16

• log -field diary, photos, field trips
• field notes, photos, videos
• descriptive notes
• reflective notes
• theoretical notes (interpretive attempts to attach meaning to observations
• methodological notes (instructions/reminders on how subsequents observations will be made
• personal notes`

Question 17

Quantitative Observational Methods

Answer 17

• Category System -systematic way to record behaviours and events of interest - can group things together
• Checklist -
• Rating Scales - observers rate some phenomenon along a descriptive continuum

Question 18

Observational systems

Answer 18

• Time Sampling - selection of time periods during which observations will occur
• Event Sampling - slects integral behaviours/events for observation.r

Question 19

Evaluation of Observational Methods

Answer 19

Facotrs interfering with objectiv observations:

• emotions, prejudices, values
• personal interest/commitment
• anticipation of what is to be observed
• hasty decisions may result in erroneous conclusions or classifications

Question 20

Critiquing Observational Methods

Answer 20

• should data have been collected with another approached?
• degree of structure of observations
• focuse of observations
• degree the observ was concealed
• Qualitative -how entry to group was obtained, relationship between observer and observed, time period of data collection, and method of recording
• Quantitative - description of category system/rating scales and settings where observations took place
• Plan for sampling events and behaviours to observe

Question 21

Biophysiologic Measures

Answer 21

Both in vivo and in vitro data are collected from participants by extracting some biophysiological material and subjecting it to laboratory analysis.

increases relatively accurate and precision

(in vivo directly within or on living organisms… for ex BP)

Question 22

Critiquing Biophysiological Measures

Answer 22

Appropriateness of the measures for there research question

Question 23

Implementing the Data Collection Plan

Answer 23

develop and implement a plan to collect data:

• who collects
• were they able to produce valid and accurate data
• create nonjudgmental atmosphere
• ensure privacy

Question 24

Records

Answer 24

nurse researchers utilize reports; hospital records, nursing charts, Dr’s order sheets, care plans all contain rich data