U1 Concept and foundations of educational psychology: professional profile and functions of the educational psychologists

Question 1

The different between the definition of psychology and educational psychology? and what do edu psychologists do?

Answer 1

-> Educational psy: BRANCH of psy that specialises in understanding the teaching and learning process in educational SETTINGS
+ A distinct discipline that uses its own theories, research methods and techniques

-> research learning and teaching to improve educational policies
+ THEY DON’T provide direct instructions for teachers - the train them with guiding principles to make informed decisions

Question 3

what does educational psychology do?

Answer 3

-> derives from basic psychological methods BUT ALSO enriches it basic psychology -> gives explanations and theories to human beh in edu contexts

Question 4

Process of ASSESSMENT, THEN PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELLING

Answer 4

assessment: 1) diagnosis in educational contexts. 2)detection of dysfunctions. 3) find dyslexia, anorexia, ADHD, asd, high abilities

Psychological counselling; 1) students, parents, teachers and educational authorities. 2) Students: intellectual, social, affective. 3) Educational authorities: decision making.

Question 5

What do sociologist use data for?

Answer 5

They use it to understand different types of behaviors that happen at different levels

Question 6

What are the different levels of behavior?
And what is the connection between these three levels.

Answer 6

Micro-level analysis: studying INDIVIDUALS INTERACTION BETWEEN PEOPLE - families, relationships, individuals
Meso-level analysis: observing groups and their patterns of social behaviors
Macro-level analysis: observe society as a whole including their broader patterns

They influence each other largely in school systems: imagine a triangle, students, teachers, and curriculum.

Question 7

what does a teachers success depend on ?

Answer 7

it depends on the combination of what teachers know and how they convey their knowledge to their student
-> teachers change brains everyday

Question 8

What are the responsibilities of a school counsellor?

Answer 8

-> academic guidance
-> Emotional & social support
-> career guidance
-> Crisis intervention
-> conflict resolution

Question 9

What is false learning?

Answer 9

Memorising without understanding it

Question 10

Who were the pioneers of psychology and what did they contribute

Answer 10

1. William James (1842-1910). -> highlighted the importance of the observing teaching IN classrooms to improve educational (start class just beyond Childs knowledge to stretch their mind)
2. John Dewey (1859-1952). -> estabilished FIRST educational lab; child is are active learners, learn best by doing; should learn how to critically think and adapt to situations; all children should have competent education
3. E.L. Thorndike (1874- 1949). -> set in assessment and measurements: scientific underpinning of learning, conducted scientific studies ; important: develop children’s reasoning skill; EP should have a strong scientific basis

Question 11

Can good teaching be taught?

Answer 11

yes. it has to be observed and practiced.
there are behaviors and skills that define an exceptional
teacher. Like walking towards a child when their disrupting class

Question 12

What are the principles of of good teaching?

Answer 12

Doing all things for a reason, constantly thinking of the outcome on their students - goals - reflective - flexible - have a variety of tools stored

The educators must put stress on skills, attitudes, and ways of working. extensive experience working in groups, solving problems, and learning to read
critically and think creatively (John dewey)

Common Core And College-and Career-ready Standards
o Many states in the USA have adopted Common Core State Standards.

Question 13

What are Common Core standards

Answer 13

▪ Flexibility, and creative problem-solving.
▪ Ability to use technology.
▪ Ability to participate in active discussions in one-to-one, small-group, and whole-class settings.
▪ Focus on writing, speaking, and argumentation in groups.
▪ Alignment of standards with college and career readiness.

Question 14

Professional knowledge and skills

Answer 14

1. Subject-matter competence.
2. Instructional Strategies.
3. Thinking skills.
4. Goal Setting and Instructional Planning.
5. Developmentally appropriate teaching practices.
6. Classroom management skills.
7. Motivation skills.
8. Communication skills.
9. Working effectively with students from culturally diverse backgrounds.
10. Assessment knowledge skills.
11. Technological skills.

Question 14

what are a few Instructional Strategies

Answer 14

Constructivist approach: learned center approach, stu actively contract their own knowledge, open classrooms: explore their world, discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically with the teacher’s guidance

Direct instruction approach: Structured, teacher-centered approach. The teacher directs and controls student’s way of learning. High teacher expectations for student’s knowledge. Maximum time spent by students on academic tasks.

for best results mix

Question 15

Is knowledge about child development important when teaching students?

Answer 15

yes, help them choose strategies

common disorders: ADHD
LANGUAGE DISORDER (selective mutism)
LEARNING DISORDER
ASD
Anxiety/depression

Question 16

What are some class management skills?

Answer 16

• Keeping the class as a whole working
  together.
• Establishing rules and procedures.
• Organizing groups.
• Monitoring and pacing classroom activities.
• Handling misbehavior.

Question 17

What motivates a classroom?

Answer 17

creating intrinsic motivation and sense of responsibility -> provide real-world examples -> allow for them to sometimes make their own choices -> make high expectations

Question 18

What are key features to remember in having good communication skills?

Answer 18

• verbal communication
• non-verbal communication
• criticism at min
• assertive communication
  style
• well-informed about people from different cultural backgrounds, encourage cultural contact

Question 19

What is differentiated instruction?

Answer 19

recognising student differences to provide better personalised curriculums to teach

Question 20

what are pros and cons of use of technology for learning

Answer 20

cons: Bad use of the computer.
o It is not free.
o Ignorace.
o No attendance.

pros: o Easier and faster access to knowledge.
o Groups and forums to help each other.
o Inclusion: children who on certain occasions cannot
go to the classroom and watch it online.

Question 21

Characteristics of Best Teachers and Worst Teachers

Answer 21

best: humour, knowledge, explaining clearly, spending time w/ students

worst: dull, bad explaining, non-favouritism, poor attitude, extremely high expectations

Question 22

Descriptive research through observation

Answer 22

Laboratory observation controlled environment, Upsides: Accurate, reliable, and efficient.
Limitation: Artificial.

Naturalistic observation: like playgrounds, parks,
museums, and classrooms. Limitations: not accurate.

Participant observation: It happens when the observer-researcher / teacher-researcher is actively involved as a participant in the activity or setting. For example, to observe a student who has social impairment in the class and then record these observations.
Limitation: slow and subjective.

Standardized tests, Physiological measures, Case studies

Question 23

Correlation research, goal, use,

Answer 23

goal: describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or
characteristics.
use: more strongly two events are correlated (related or associated), the
more effectively we can predict one from the other (anxiety-isolation).

thing causes consequences

Question 24

Experimental Research

Answer 24

Goal: it allows educational psychologists to determine the CAUSE of behaviours.
Procedure: conducting an experiment, which is a carefully regulated procedure in
which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behaviour being studied is/are manipulated and all others are constant.

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Question 25

Marshmallow Experiment

Answer 25

• The Marshmallow Experiment is a classic study in psychology conducted by
  Walter Mischel in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It aimed to understand
  the concept of delayed gratification and its implications for self-control and
  success in life.
• Children, typically aged four to six, were individually placed in a room with
  a single marshmallow placed in front of them on a table.
• The researcher described that they could either eat the marshmallow right
  away or wait. If they waited, they would be rewarded with a second
  marshmallow when the researcher returned after a certain time.

Question 26

marshmallow findings

Answer 26

o Some children immediately ate the marshmallow, unable to resist the temptation for
immediate pleasure.
o Others tried various strategies to resist the temptation, such as covering their eyes, turning
away from the marshmallow, or singing to themselves.
o A smaller group of children managed to delay gratification successfully and waited for the
researcher to return, earning the second marshmallow.

Long term implications:
o Mischel followed up with these children as they grew older and found some interesting
correlations:
o Those who were able to delay gratification in the experiment tended to have better life
outcomes, including higher academic achievements and better social skills.
o The ability to delay gratification was linked to improved self-control and the capacity to
manage stress and frustration.