U1 Flashcards
Chemistry of Life
What are the types of Macromolecules
carbohydrates
protiens
lipids
nucleic acids
What polymer makes up each type of macromolecule?
carbohydrates - monosaccrides
proteins - amino acids
lipids - fatty acids
nucleic acids - nucelotides
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
a 5-carbon sugar that has a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group attached to each end
What is the structure of an amino acid?
a central carbon, with an animo group attached on the left, a carboxyl group attached on the right, a hydrogen attached superiorly and a R group attached inferiorly
What is the structure of a phosolipid?
a polar head and a nonpolar tail
What fatty acid contains a double bond? Is this fatty acid more of less healthy for consumption?
the unsaturated fatty acid contains a double bond between two carbon atoms, creating a kink that is NOT healthy for regular consumption (the kink causes clogging to occur in blood vessels)
what are the 7 groups that attach to an R group that you should know? What is their structure (chemical formula)? Polar or nonpolar?
hydroxyl, -OH (polar)
carboxyl, -COOH (polar)
amino, -NH2 (polar)
carbonyl, -CO (polar)
sulfhydryl, -SH (polar)
phosphate, -OPO3 (2-) (polar)
methyl, CH3 (nonpolar)
What are the special properties of water that support life?
addhesion
cohesion
high surface tension
high specific heat
high point of vaporization
solid form is less dense than liquid form
What is cohesion?
2 of same molecule form H-bonds with each other, results in surface tension
(water likey water, the bond together and with adhesion, resists gravity’s downward pull)
What is adhesion
2 differing molecules form H-bonds with each other (ex amino acid with water)
-gives H2O high solvency ability, allowing organism to obtain key nutrients via water (cell wall likey water, allows to combat gravity)
What is surface tension?
result of high H-bonding forces between H2O molecs at the surface
Why is water’s difference in density between (s) and (l) so important?
Ice floats, allowing the water underneath the ice to still be liquid and therefore still able to support life
What does each macromolecule contain, C, N, or P
Carbohydrates - CNP
Protiens - CN
Nucleic acids - CNP
Lipid - CP
What is dehydraton synthesis?
the joining of different polymers to create a macromolecule, resulting in the byproduct of water
What is hydrolysis?
where polymers are broken down into monomers by cleaving the joining covalent bonds, resulting in the loss of a water molecule per covalent bond broken
What are the differing structures of proteins called, and what differentiates them?
Primary - line of amino acids
Secondary - folding begins to occur (alpha helix and beta plated sheets)
Tertiary - 3-D Shape begins to occur (multiple diff secondary structures occur in one ‘chain’) (most common)
Quaternary - 2+ polypeptide units
What are the key differences between DNA and RNA
sugar- DNA desxyribose, RNA ribose
nitrtrogous bases- DNA thymine, RNA uracil
What are the 5 nitrogenous bases to DNA/RNA? How do they pair?
guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine, and uracil
G-C
A-T/U
What are the 5 bonds found in a tertiary polypeptide?
H-bond
ionic bond
hydrophobic interactions
Vander-Wals
Disulfide Bridges
What is an isomer? What are the types of isomers?
compounds with the same number and type of elements that are able to be arranged in differing structures
-structural isomer: differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
-cis-trans isomer: atoms differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds (cis has X on same side, trans has X on diff sides)
-enantimors - mirror images that differ in shape because of presence of asymmetrical carbon (left is L isomer, right is D isomer)
What bonds are found in primary proteins? Secondary?
primary - peptide bonds
secondary - H-bonds
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? Purines?
Pyrimidine - cytosine, thymine, uracil
Purine - guanine, adenine
How can a protein become denatured?
pH change
salt
temperature
other proteins
