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Nufs Test 2 > U Got It! > Flashcards

U Got It! Flashcards

0
Q

where are genes found in the body?

A

they are sections of DNA; genes carry our genes

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1
Q

how are traits related to genes?

A

chromosome in DNA, gene in DNA, gene contains instructions for making proteins, the complex of proteins equals traits

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2
Q

single gene disorders

A

are rare, recessive allele

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3
Q

Sex linked(x-linked) inheritance

A

involves genes on X chromosome
whether a male or female, it affects the pattern of inheritance
Ex. Red-green color blindness: due to recessive gene on X chromosome( light sensitive cells in the eyes don’t unction properly)
-Male pattern baldness: Gene is on X chromosome passed from mother to son and since its recessive a female needs 2 chromosomes with the defect to show male pattern baldness

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4
Q

Chromosome abnormalities

A

chromosomes don’t separate during gamete formation
Ex. Abnormal number of chromosomes, missing or duplicated segments of chromosomes
Trisomy21 is Down syndrome: an extra chromosome 21(3)

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5
Q

Multi Factorial Inheritance

A

changes in multiple genes, environmental factors interaction of many genes
Many genes = traits

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6
Q

how environmental factors influence our traits

A

ex. nutrition, exercise, sunlight, chemicals= skin color etc.
- They all change your traits without altering your DNA
- Environmental factors change gene expression

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7
Q

Epigenetics

A

Changes in expression of genes (not DNA itself) DNA modified by chemical “tags” or “switches” on your genes- can change the way your DNA is expressed- Changes in your traits *DNA sequence not changed**
Ex. diet, behavior, where you live

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8
Q

DNA structure

A

macromolecules made up of nucleotides double helix (double stranded) 4 kinds of bases (ATCG) A-T; C-G

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9
Q

Flow of DNA, RNA, Protein

A

DNA Carries directions for an organism, directions copied from DNA into RNA in the nucleus(Transcription), RNA travels to the cytoplasm where it directs the assembly of proteins(Translation)= Amino acid: Protein

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10
Q

Transcription

A

Copying instructions from DNA into RNA in the nucleus

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11
Q

Translation

A

The RNA travels to the cytoplasm where it directs the assembly of proteins(chains of amino acids) in cytoplasm

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12
Q

mRNA

A

1st step to make a copy of the gene

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13
Q

Codons

A

three letter words; 3 single letter pairs= 1 amino acid

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14
Q

Ribosome(chef)

A

Reads the sequence of RNA bases; each amino acid is brought to the ribosome by tRNA and is connected to the growing chain of amino acids

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15
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Chain of amino acids twists and folds into the elaborate structure that is characteristic of that protein; once FOLDED the protein can function
Function: Body Structure, Regulate Body Functions(enzymes, hormones) seldom used for energy.

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16
Q

DNA, Genes, Proteins, Traits Relationship

A

Genes are in DNA which make proteins that can express traits

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17
Q

What are mutations?

A

Any change in DNA

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18
Q

2 general ways to alter DNA

A
  • Change one or more DNA bases

- Move entire sections of DNA from one place to another

19
Q

DNA mutations in Evolution

A

mutations are important for genetic variation and evolution

Ex. In dif populations of dairy farmers, Genetic mutations keep lactase active throughout life

20
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Most humans stop producing lactase after adolescence; lack digestive Enzyme(lactase) that breaks down sugar to break down lactose

21
Q

Cancer Cell Characteristics

A
  • Abnormal Shape
  • Not Specialized
  • Immortal(can divide continually) Uncontrolled Cell Division
  • caused by breakdown in the normal checkpoints that regulate cell division
22
Q

Causes of cancer

A
  • Mutations that damage DNA
  • Environmental carcinogens
    • Tobacco smoking
    • x-rays
    • UV Radiation in sunlight and tanning lamps
  • Some viruses
    • HPV virus
  • Heredity
  • Diet
23
Q

Can mutated genes be inherited?

A

Usually not; most mutations occur in the organ where the cancer starts, egg and sperm cells aren’t affected and are not passed from parent to child
** but cancer- causing mutations sometimes occur in gametes

24
Q

Mutations BRCA1/2

A

increase risk of developing breast and or ovarian cancer
-Normally BRCA1/2 help prevent uncontrolled cell growth
MOST breast cancers are not caused by INHERITED mutations

25
Q

Stem Cells

A
  • Unspecialized cells
  • can make unlimited copies of themselves
  • have the potential to form other cell types
26
Q

Types of stem cells

A
  • Embryonic stem cells: can become any tissue
  • “Adult” or tissue-specific stem cells-more restricted: give rise to cells within tissue family, not pluripotent
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS cells: created in a lab by reprograming a previously specialized cell like a skin cell
27
Q

Pluripotent

A

Embryonic Stem cells can develop into any of the 220 cell types

28
Q

Why is stem cell research important?

A

-A source of replacement cells to treat diseases

Ex. parkinsons, alzheimers, spinal cord injury, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis

29
Q

Genome

A

Encompasses the entire set of genetic info across all 23 chromosome pairs including all genes as well as all the stuff in between

  • All the DNA of an organism
  • contains 3.2 billion base pairs
30
Q

Gene

A

make up <2% of genome= instructions for proteins

-Specific sequence of DNA on a single chromosome that encodes a particular product

31
Q

Genomics

A

DNA of two people of the same sex is 99.9% identical

-25,000 genes work

32
Q

What can we learn from studying the human genome?

A

Will usher in new era of personalized medicine

33
Q

Junk DNA

A

parts of DNA are not actual genes- is active
-contains 4 million gene “switches” (act like dimmer switches)
-control which genes are used in a cell and when
-determine if a cell becomes a liver cell or a neuron
ENORMOUS implications for human health
- tiny changes in hundreds of gene switches= disease

34
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Moving genes from one organism to another

35
Q

GE medicines and crops Developed

A

researchers take certain genes from a source organism and put them into another plant or animal to become stronger or resistant, or more productive

36
Q

bacteria making human proteins?

A

idk

37
Q

Most common traits introduced into GE crops

A

Resistant to insects-Bt crops

Resistant to weed killers (herbicides)

38
Q

Bt

A

contains the Bt gene for bacterial toxin that kills certain insects- a natural pesticide

39
Q

Advantages of GE crops

A

Percision
-Only transfer genes that code for the characteristics you are interested in
Can Involve distantly- related organisms
-ex. bacterial gene transferred into corn

40
Q

Disadvantages of GE

A

check

41
Q

Gov’t agencies

A

regulations for healthy food

  • USDA: dept of agriculture, safety for meat and eggs(animal)
  • FDA: Food and Drug Administration: ensures safety foods; don’t require labeling
  • EPA: Environmental Protection Agency: protects you and environment from harmful pesticides
42
Q

Causes food borne illness

A

Improper hand washing, In manufacturers
viruses
bacteria
parasites

43
Q

What is food safety

A

Preventing food contamination

44
Q

preventing food poisoning

A
  • Wash hands and surfaces
  • don’t cross contaminate
  • refrigerate promptly
  • cook to proper temperatures

Nufs Test 2 (1 decks)

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