U 5 Flashcards
0
Q
Steps of tissue prep
A
Fixation
Sectioning
Staining
1
Q
Four basic types of tissue
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
2
Q
A matrix formed by the basal lamina and reticular lamina
A
Basement membrane
3
Q
Single layer of stem cells in the layers of the epidermis
A
Stratum basale
4
Q
Mitotically active prickle cell layer
A
Stratum spinosum
5
Q
Non proliferating cells with stained granules
A
Stratum granulosum
6
Q
In cross section: a transparent layer seen only on thick skin
A
Stratum lucidum
7
Q
Keratinized cell ‘ghosts’
A
Stratum corneum
8
Q
Micovilli covered surface of simple cuboidal epithelium and simple columnar epithelium. Especially in small intestine and kidney
A
Brush boarder (or striated boarder)
9
Q
Stains cytoplasm, cytoplasmic filaments, collagen fibers, and basement membrane
Objects stained are “acidophilic”
A
Eosin dye
10
Q
Stains heterchromatin, nucleolus, the rough ER and sulfonated GAGs
Objects stained are said to be basophilic
A
Hematoxylin dye
11
Q
Proliferation of cells that may result in the gross enlargement of an organ
A
Hyperplasia
12
Q
Functions of skin
A
Barrier Sensory Immune Homeostasis Endocrine and exocrine
13
Q
These dendritic cells take up an process microbial antigens and present them during a skin infection
Skin associated lymphoid tissue
A
Langerhans cells
14
Q
Oval receptor cells found in the skin that synapse with somatosensory afferents
Mainly Found in stratum basale
A
Merkel cells
15
Q
Pink dye
A
Eosin
16
Q
Blue dye
A
Hematoxylin
17
Q
Longer than typical microvilli
Common in male reproductive system
A
Stereocilia
18
Q
Microvilli covered surface of simple cuboidal + columnar epithelium
Common in intestines
A
Striated boarder
19
Q
(Microvilli/cilia) are tail like projections that can be motile or non-motile
A
Cilia are small tail like projections
20
Q
(Microvilli/cilia) are cell membrane protrusions that increase surface are
A
Microvilli are larger cell membrane protrusions
21
Q
Increase in the number of cells or proliferation of cells
A
Hyperplasia
22
Q
The increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells
A
Hypertrophy
23
Q
Two characteristics that make thick skin distinguished from thin skin
A
Striatum lucidum and thick stratum corneum (keratinized layer)
24
Abnormal replacement of one type of tissue with a different type
Metaplasia
25
Keratohyaline granules are synthesized in the (basal layer/spinous layer)
Spinous layer
26
Dense, non membrane bound masses of filaggrin and other proteins
Keratohyaline granules
27
Melanocytes are located in the (stratum basale/stratum spinosum)
Stratum basal
28
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
29
Consequences of avascular cartilage
Size limitation
Low metabolic rate
Poor potential for repair
Treatment with systemic drugs difficult
30
Neuro vascular canals that run parallel to the long axis of a bone
Haversion canals
31
Connective tissue develops from embryonic mesoderm and, in the head, from the neural crest migration of ______ cells
Mesenchymal
32
Glandular simple columnar epithelial cell who's function is to produce gel forming mucins, the major component of mucus
Goblet cell
33
Simple columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestine, Colin and appendix
Enterocytes
34
Layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue
Dermis
35
Synthesize the ECM including connective tissue fibers
Fibroblasts
36
Three types of (protein) fibers of the ECM
Reticular
Elastic
Collagen
37
Four types of resident cells
```
Mesenchymal
Reticular cells
Adipocyte
Fibroblasts
(fibrocytes)
```
38
Most common connective tissue cell
Fibroblasts
39
Most easily identified when tissue is stained with trypan blue while animal is alive
Macrophage
40
Leave bone marrow as B lymphocytes, then differentiate as _______ commonly in lymph nodes
Plasma cells
41
Have granules containing heparin, chomdroitin sulfate, and histamine.
Known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis
Mast cells
42
Cells often found around venules
Mast cells
43
Primary producers of circulating antibodies (immunoglobulin)
Plasma cells
44
_____ fiber allows stretch and recoil of blood vessels
Elastic
45
Composed of type III collagen
Reticular fibers
46
Composed of type I collagen
Collagen fibers
47
_____ fibers create flexible networks in lymph nodes, the liver, red bone marrow and spleen.
Reticular fiber
48
Three basic components of all connective tissue
Cells
Fibers
Ground substance
49
Transparent, colorless mixture that binds cells to connective tissue. Made of glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
Ground Substance
50
Connective tissue in the body is derived from which embryonic germ layer
Mesoderm
51
Connective tissue of the head is derived from which embryonic cells
Neural crest
52
Ehlers-Danlos type IV disease associated with type ____ collagen in _____ fibers
Type III collagen
| Reticular Fibers
53
Mutations in the fibrillin gene results in ______ where patients are at risk for aortic rupture and hyper mobile joints
Marfan's syndrome
54
_____ fibers stain black with silver
Reticular
55
Principle GAGs in cartilage
Chondroitin 4-sulfate
Chondroitin 6-sulfate
Keratan sulfate
56
GAG + core protein = ?
Proteoglycans
57
Cartilage at AC joints, costal, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, epiphyseal plate
Hyaline Cartilage
58
Cartilage at intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci, some tendons, menisci of knee joint
Fibrocartilage
59
Cartilage of external ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tube, several laryngeal cartilages.
Elastic cartilage
60
Chondrocytes deep in the cartilage in groups of up to 8 that originate from a single chondrocyte
Isogenous aggregate
61
Consists of collagen type I and fibroblasts and surrounds bones
Perichondrium
62
In the Perichondrium the outer layer contains ______ cells while the inner layer contains _______ cells
Fibrocytes
| Chondrocytes
63
The Perichondrium consists of an outer _____ layer and an inner ______ layer
Outer fibrous layer
| Inner chondrogenic layer
64
______ cartilage stains specifically with orcein dyes
Elastic cartilage
65
_____ cartilage is at the menisci of the knee joint
Fibrocartilage
66
______ cartilage is most susceptible to calcification, which is common during aging
Hyaline
67
Most of the cartilage of Fibrocartilage is type _____
Type 1
68
Spongy bone is often called _____ or ______
Cancellous or trabecular bone
69
Compact bone is sometimes called _____ bone
Cortical bone
70
Both chondrocyte and osteocytes reside in spaces in the matrix called ______
Lacunae
71
70 percent of bone consists of ______, a _____ phosphate mineral
Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate
72
_____ bone has no Haversian canals
Spongy, cancellous, trabecular
73
Osteocytes of spongy bone is (identical/different) from those of compact bone
Identical
74
Bone ______ are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone
Canaliculi
75
The _____ of osteocytes extend into the Canaliculi
Processes
76
(Spongy/compact) bone is more responsive to changes in load than (Spongy/compact) bone.
(Spongy) bone is more responsive to changes in load than (compact) bone.
77
The _____ of osteocytes function as the mechanotransducers of local strain in bone
processes
78
Osteocytes exchanges nutrients and waste at ____ junctions
Gap junctions
79
The structural unit of compact bone is called an _______
Osteon
80
The rounded end of a long bone is called an _______
Epiphysis
81
Cylindrical units that run parallel to the long axis of compact bone
Haversian canals
82
(Haversian/volkman's) canals run at oblique angles to the long axis of bone
Volkman's
83
_____ covers the internal surface of bones
Endosteum
84
The middle portion of a long bone is called the
Diaphysis
85
Most bone is organized as _____ bone characterized by multiple layers of calcified matrix
Lamellar
86
In each lamella, ______ fibers are aligned in parallel, with the pitch of the fibers orientation shifting orthogonally with each successive lamellae
Type 1 collagen fibers
87
The process by which bone is constantly being broken down and replaced
Remodeling (or functional adaptation)
88
During bone resorption, osteoclasts form a special ______ that facilitates the removal of bone
Ruffled boarder
89
Types of bone cells:
_____ are star shaped cells that live in bones
_____ make bone
_____ reabsorb bone
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
90
Osteoclasts have (eosinophilic/basophilic) cytoplasm rich in mitochondria and lysosomes
Eosinophilic
91
An inherited disorder characterized by dense, heavy bones
Osteopetrosus
92
When bone resorption exceeds bone formation, especially with a fall in estrogen at menopause
Osteoporosis
93
An congenital disorder Where osteoblasts produce insufficient type 1 collagen leading to bone fragility
Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)
94
Insufficient dietary calcium or failure to produce vitamin D that prevents normal bone calcification
Rickets
95
Which bone cell is completely surrounded by extra cellular matrix?
Osteocytes
96
An unique non-sulfonated GAG that is a chief component of the ECM
Proteoglycans aggregate bind to it
Hyaluronic acid (hyaluron)
97
Muscles innervated by cerebrospinal nerves
Skeletal muscles
98
These muscles contain bubbles of long multinucleated cells with cross-striations. Contractions: quick + forceful and under voluntary control
Skeletal muscle
99
Fusiform muscle cells that lack striations and have slow involuntary contractions (cardiac, skeletal or smooth?)
Smooth muscle
100
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell is called ______ and the smooth ER is called the ______ reticulum
Sarcoplasm
| Sarcoplasmic
101
Extends from z disc to z disc
Sarcomere
102
In muscle the dark bands are called ____ bands
A-bands
103
The Sarcoplasmic reticulum is specialized for _____ sequestration
Ca2+
104
In muscle, the light bands are called _____
I-bands
105
In muscles, ______ serve as "electrical synapses" providing ionic continuity between cells.
Gap junctions
106
The source of muscular regeneration is the sparse population of Mesenchymal _______ cells
Satellite cells (myosatellite cells)
107
Smooth and cardiac muscle have ___ nuclei per cell while skeletal muscles have ______
One
| Many
108
These muscle fibers are small, high in myoglobin, have numerous mitochondria, fatigue resistant, do ox-phos and contract slowly (posture)
Red fibers (type I)
109
These fibers have a large diameter, low myoglobin, few mitochondria, readily fatigue, do anaerobic glycolysis and contract rapidly
White fibers (type IIB)
110
These muscle fibers are intermediate and fatigue resistant
Intermediate fibers (type IIA)
111
The cell membrane of a striated muscle cell is called the ______
Sarcolemma
112
The Sarcoplasm of a muscle cells is (basophilic/eosinophilic)
Eosinophilic (acidophilic)
113
Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle
Epimysium
114
Loose connective tissue dividing muscle into fascicles
Perimysium
115
Reticular fibers that surround individual muscle fibers
Endomysium
116
A gigantic muscle protein
Extends from M line to Z disc
Attach thick filaments to Z disc
A passive elastic element
A Titin
117
Three main neuron shapes
Bipolar
Multipolar
Psuedounipolar
118
The place where one Schwann cell is adjacent to another Schwann cells is a node ______
Of Ranvier
119
A small pocket of cytoplasm left behind during the Schwann cell myelination process (chevron shaped)
Schmidt-lanterman cleft (a myelin incisure)
120
This group of nervous cells have a large nuclei and function to synchronize construction for parastalsis
Auerbach's plexus
121
Stellate cells the surround capillaries and some post-capillary venules. They share the basal lamina with endothelial cells
Pericytes
122
The processes of osteocytes extend into the ______ where the share a gap junction with the next osteocyte
Canaliculi
123
The outermost layer of tunica composed of fibroblasts and type i collagen
Tunica Adventitia
124
A small network of blood vessels that supply the walls of larger blood vessels
Vasa Vasorum
125
What is a node of Ranvier?
Gaps between myelin sheaths
126
Muscle Red Fibers are Type ___
I
127
Muscle White Fibers are Type ___
IIB
128
Intermediate Fibers are Type ___
IIA
129
Cardiac Muscle is innervate by ____
The Autonomic Nervous System
130
In which type of muscle are the nuclei located at the periphery of the fibers?
Skeletal Muscle
131
In which type of muscle do fibers branch and anastomose?
Cardiac
132
In which two muscle types are the nuclei located centrally?
Cardiac and Smooth
133
Which type of muscle fiber is the nucleus spindle shaped, centrally placed and have diffuse chromatin?
Cardiac muscle
134
Which type of muscle has intercalated discs, allowing interface between adjacent myocytes
Cardiac muscle
135
A vasodilator protein secreted by heart muscle cells in response to high blood volume (wall stretch)
Atrail Natriuretic Factor
136
In Cardiac Muscle, this arrangement helps mechanical attachment between cells (zonula and macula) and transmission of electrical and chemical stimuli (gap junctions)
Intercalated discs
137
These fibers are responsible for the final distribution of the electrical stimulus to the myocardium
Purkinje Fibers
138
A motor neuron disease with causing neuogenic atrophy. Characterized by muscle spasticity and progressing to weakness and muscle wasting
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
139
Thickening of arterial wall and local accumulation of smooth muscle cells in the tunica intima
Atherosclerosis
140
Most frequent cardiac arrhythmia
Atrail Fibrillation
141
Inflammatory disease caused by strep pyogenes in the heart
rheumatic fever
142
Inflammation of the inner tissue of the heart (especially valves) due to an infective agent
bacterial endocarditis
143
The smallest vascular channels are called _____
Capillaries
144
Which type of neuron has it's cell body in the dorsal root ganglion
Pseudounipolar sensory neurons
145
Nerve fascicles are protected by a sheath known as the _____
Perinurium
146
Nerve fibers are each wrapped in a sheath known as the _____
Endonurium
147
Tactile sensors located in dermal papillae, sensitive to low freq. stimuli
Meissner's Corpuscles
148
Large mechanoreceptors sensitive to pressure and vibration
Pacinian Corpuscles
149
These 1) give info about muscle length and 2) play a role in reflexes (maintaining posture)
Muscle Spindles
150
Afferent nerve endings that detect pain (e.g. A delta type I, A delta type II and C)
Free nerve endings
151
Free Nerve endings detect
hot and cold, itching, pain
152
Motor Neurons branch out and terminate at the ____ __ ____
Motor End Plate
153
Autonomic Ganglion contain _____ _____, disordered and unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Multipolar neuons
154
The postsynaptic membrane of the skeletal muscle contains junction folds and _______ receptors
Acetylcholine
155
Schwann's cell-ensheathed axons are surrounded by a delicate layer of reticular fibers called the _______
Endonuerium
156
The outer coat of dense iregular connective tissue that surrounds the nerve fibers and provide organization
Epinurium
157
The most prominent and visible coat that surrounds a longitudinal bundle of axons (a fascicle) is called the ______
Perinurium
158
These arteries allow rapid blood flow and their elastic laminae help to smooth out pressure differences with distance from the heart
Conducting Arteries
159
The medium or ______ arteries have slower blood flow and can be controlled by regulatory factors such as chemical for flow regulation
Distributing Arterties
160
Tunica ____ consists of endothelium, basal lamina and occasional smooth muscle
Intima
161
Tunica ____ is composed of smooth muscle, variable amounts of elastic fiber, lamellae, reticular fibers and proteoglycans
Media
162
Tunica ___ is the outermost layer composed of fibroblasts and longitudinal type I collagen.
Adventitia
163
Larger blood vessels have ___ ______ in the adventitia to provide nutrients via small vessels
Vaso Vasorum
164
The ______ of the heart is analogous to the intima of blood vessels
Endocardium
165
The _____ of the heart is analogous to the media of blood vessels
Myocardium
166
The _____ of the heart is analogous to adventitia of blood vessels
Epicardium
168
Large Elastic Arteries have Media ___-___ layers thick
40-70 elastic lamellae
169
A Muscular Artery has Media ___-___ thick
6-39 smooth muscle layers
169
A layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost portion of the tunica intima of blood vessels
Internal Elastic Lamina (IEL)
170
An Arteroile has Media ___-___ thick
1-5 smooth muscle layers
171
A layer of elastic tissue that lies outside the smooth muscle of the tunica media of an artery
External Elastic Lamina (EEL)
172
____ Arteries have a nice thick Internal Elastic Lamina surrounding their Intima
Muscular Arteries
173
Within the Intima, the endothelial cells contain _____ that are membrane bound inclusions that have a dense matrix containing von Willebrand factor
Weibel-Palade bodies
174
The vasa vasorum of the adventitia penetrated the outer half to third of the ______
Media
175
After the age of 30, the media becomes stiffer due to increased elastic lamellae and deposition of ____ and _____
Collagen and proteoglycans
176
The terminal segment before a capillary bed forms a _____ or precapillary sphincter that regulates blood flow into capilaries
Metarteriole
177
____ are small pores in some endothelial cells that allow for the rapid exchange of molecules
Fenstrae
178
Lymphatic capillaries have a discontinuous or absent basal lamina and are held open by ______
Elastic anchoring filaments
179
The endothelial cells of capillaries get some structural support from ____ and ____
desmin and vimentin
180
Stellate cells that surround some capillaries and some post-capillary venules are called _____
Pericytes
181
The Pericytes share the _____ of endothelial cells
Basal Lamina
182
_____ can serve as stem cells for vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells after injury
Pericytes
183
Special porus capillaries found in the pancreas, intestines, and endocrine glands
Fenstrated Capilaries
184
_____ are irregular blood channels that conform to the shape of the structure they line
Sinusoids
185
_____ is the process by which large molecules are transported across the inside of a cell
Transcytosis
186
Cell drinking. The process where small molecules or fluids are brought into the cell
Pinocytosis
187
The _____ system carries blood from one capillary bed to another. One example is between the intestines and liver
Portal
188
Direct cross connections between arterioles and venules. Smooth muscle sphincters regulate flow
Arteriovenous anastosomes
189
List the three types of capillaries in order of leakiness
1) Continuous (least)
2) Fenstrated
3) Sinusoidal (most leaky)
190
Capilaries that may have an incomplete basement membrane
Sinusoidal (Discontinuous) capilaries
191
Thinner veins contain less muscle and elastic tissue, and proportionately more _____
Collagen fibres
192
Lymphatic Vessel Characteristics
1) Large lumens
2) Thin walls
3) Irregular shape
4) Extensive branching
193
What are the two layer of the periosteum?
Outer (fibrous)
| Deeper (cellular)
194
What does the outer fiberous layer of the periosteum consist of?
Dense irregular CT
Blood vessels and volkman's canals
And more
195
What is the defining feature of the deep cellular layer of the periosteum?
Has osteogenic potential
| Osteoprogenetor cells are present in adults but are not normally active.
196
Locations of elastic cartilage
External ear
Epiglottis
Eustachian tube
Larynx
197
These cells also have nuclei that look like idaho potatoes
reticular cells
198
The nucleus of this cell is the proverbial "clock face" and has lots of RER
plasma cell
199
A Vitamine C deficiency can lead to _____ which impaires wound healing due to impaired collagen formation
Scurvy
200
The outer fibrous layer of the perichondrium is primarily collagen type ____
Type 1
201
Growth on the outside layer of cartilage is called ______
apositional
202
Growth on the inside layer of cartilage from within a lacunae is called _______
interstitial
203
If you can't decide if it is elastic or hyaline cartilage on the microscope what should you do?
adjust the condenser aperture to visualize the elastic fibers
204
Endostium is just a thinner internal version of _______
periostium
205
How do cells residing in the cartilage get nutrition since it lacks vasculature?
diffusion
206
What type of muscle has intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle ONLY
207
How could you differentiate cardiac muscle in cross section form smooth muscle?
you can see the boundaries between the fascicles in cardiac muscle
(Also, cardiac muscle cells are larger)
208
How come the purkinji fibers appear clear?
they are filled with glycogen, which does not stain with H&E but are stained with periodic acid
209
Why are cardiac striations less distinct than skeletal muscle
The myofibrils are more tightly packed
210
Which type of cartilage doesn't have a perichondrium?
fibrocartilage
211
What are the three types of 'neurium' that wrap nerve tissue?
epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium
212
What are the type of 'neurium' is most obviously seen in histology?
perineurium
213
When you see the donuts around the nerve, it is (myelinated/unmyelinated)
myelinated
214
What type of epithelium in the endocardium?
simple squamous epithelium
215
a large vein has ________ layers of smooth muscle
3-6
216
A venule has ______ layers of smooth muscle
1-2
217
In general the (venous/arterial) side has more vaso vasorum
venous
218
The epimysium is made of __________ connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
219
The perimysium is made of __________ connective tissue
loose connective tissue
220
endomysium is made of ________
reticular fibers
221
The perinurium is made of ______
fibroblasts
222
The endonuroium is made of ______
reticular fibers
223
The bladder is lined with what type of epithelium?
Transitional Epithelium (pseudostratified)
224
The inside layer of the bladder has stretchy ______ cells
Dome
225
Osmic Acid stains fat what color?
Black
