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Question 1

What are the sources of knowledge according to ACIRE?

Answer 1

• Authority
• Common Sense
• Intuition
• Rationalism
• Empiricism

Each source has its own strengths and weaknesses, influencing how knowledge is perceived and validated.

Question 2

Define Authority as a source of knowledge.

Answer 2

Experts/scientists, can be biased

Authority figures may provide valuable insights but can also be influenced by personal biases and agendas.

Question 3

What is the Theory-Data Cycle in the scientific process?

Answer 3

Data collected to test/refine theories

This cycle allows for continuous improvement and validation of scientific theories.

Question 4

List the characteristics of good theories.

Answer 4

• Parsimonious (simple)
• Falsifiable
• Generate many hypotheses

Good theories should be straightforward and capable of being tested through observation.

Question 5

What are Merton’s Scientific Norms?

Answer 5

• Universality
• Communality
• Disinterestedness
• Organized Skepticism

These norms guide ethical and systematic scientific inquiry.

Question 6

What does the Availability Heuristic refer to?

Answer 6

Emotional/memorable things guide thinking

This cognitive bias affects decision-making by making vivid examples more accessible.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The _______ Bias is the tendency to ignore contradictory information.

Answer 7

Confirmation

This bias can lead to skewed reasoning and reinforce pre-existing beliefs.

Question 8

What is the difference between Constructs and Operational Definitions?

Answer 8

• Construct: Intangible trait (e.g., intelligence, love)
• Operational Definition: How it’s measured

Understanding both concepts is crucial for designing effective research.

Question 9

What are the types of claims in research?

Answer 9

• Frequency: Describes numbers (nominal)
• Association: Links two variables (not causal)
• Causal: One variable causes another

Each type of claim has specific requirements and implications for research interpretation.

Question 10

Define Internal Validity.

Answer 10

Did IV change DV, or was it something else?

Internal validity assesses whether the study’s design effectively isolates the independent variable’s effect on the dependent variable.

Question 11

What does Reliability refer to in research?

Answer 11

Consistency of a measure over time

Reliability is essential for ensuring that research findings are stable and replicable.

Question 12

What are the scales of measurement in research?

Answer 12

• Nominal: Categories
• Ordinal: Rank/order
• Interval: Equal intervals, no true zero
• Ratio: True zero

Understanding these scales is key to accurately analyzing and interpreting data.

Question 13

What are the Belmont Report Principles?

Answer 13

• Respect for Persons: Protect autonomy
• Beneficence: Protect from harm, maintain anonymity
• Justice: Fair representation and benefit

These principles guide ethical research practices involving human subjects.

Question 14

What is Random Assignment in experimental design?

Answer 14

Reduces confounds

Random assignment helps to ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, minimizing bias.

Question 15

What are Interaction Effects?

Answer 15

Occur when the effect of one IV depends on another IV

Identifying interaction effects is vital for understanding complex relationships in data.

Question 16

What does the term Moderating Variable mean?

Answer 16

Changes the strength or direction of the IV-DV relationship

Moderators can significantly influence the results and interpretations of research findings.

Question 17

True or False: Reliability is the same as validity.

Answer 17

False

A measure can be reliable (consistent) but not valid (accurate), highlighting the need for both qualities in research.

Question 18

What are the key studies mentioned?

Answer 18

• Bushman (2002): Aggression increases when venting anger at a specific target
• Lovass (1987): Early intervention in children with autism
• Yong (2017): Replication crisis in psychology research
• Milgram Study: Unethical use of deception and stress

These studies illustrate significant findings and ethical considerations in psychological research.

Question 19

What are Response Biases in survey design?

Answer 19

• Reverse wording
• Randomizing order
• Anonymity

Addressing response biases is crucial for obtaining accurate survey results.

Question 20

Define Discriminant Validity.

Answer 20

Differentiates between constructs

Discriminant validity ensures that measures intended to assess different constructs do not correlate too highly.

Question 21

What is Convergent Validity?

Answer 21

Aligns with related measures

Convergent validity supports the idea that measures of similar constructs should be related.