Typical Speech & Auditory Development Flashcards
what is speech perception
process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. It describes the ability to perceive linguistic structure in the acoustic speech signal.
what is languagae
Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
what is speech
act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words
what are the first signs of communication in infants
when an infant learns that a cry will bring food, comfort, and companionship
what do babies need access to in order to develop speech and language
want access to speech perception, language, and speech of these for children to develop s/l in a proper manage
The language environment for infants is solely auditory. Not much language exposure comes from face-to-face interaction with adults.
FALSE
when do babies have preferences?
birth to 6 mos
Full-term newborns have more than ____ months of auditory experience.
2
how can full term newborns have aud experience already
this is because they can hear before they are even born
Studies of the in utero acoustic environment suggest that frequencies above _____ Hz are attenuated ____ to ____dB in transmission to fetuses
1000
20 to 30
However, one study demonstrated that neonates responded differentially to native and nonnative variants of vowels suggesting usable access to frequencies up to _____ Hz in utero
2600
what are suprasegmental or prosodic features
sound duration, intonation, syllables, and stress
Evidence suggests that fetuses not only have access to auditory information, but they also
encode speech information into memory.
They can distinguish their native language from a foreign one and their mother’s voice from another woman’s voice. Infants also show a preference for familiar nursery rhymes over new ones.
true
Infants are attuned to the ____ and _____ properties of speech at birth and even before.
rhythmic and intonational
Infants prefer ______ over ______
infant-directed speech (IDS)
adult-directed speech (ADS)
acoustic properties of speech that differentiate phonemes; segments are discrete units of speech that differentiate phonemes.
Segmental information
Infants can detect important phonetic properties for identifying phonemes across languages and discriminate voicing, place, and manner of articulation
phoneme sensitivity
5 elements to learning a language
phonology
semantics
morphology
pragmatics
syntax
Refers to the sounds of a language
phonology
what is phonology
Refers to the sounds of a language
study of words and their meaning
semantics
what is semantics
study of words and their meaning
Study of rules that governs morphemes
morphology
what is morphology
Study of rules that governs morphemes
Study of how people use language to communicate effectively
pragmatics
what is pragmatics
Study of how people use language to communicate effectively
understanding the words in the context
pass the salt for ex
arrangement of words in sentences
syntax
what is syntax
arrangement of words in sentences
Infants initially discriminate phonemic contrasts universally but focus on native language sounds by 10-12 months
language experience
Can infants encode phonemes into long-term memory?
Infants encode segmental information into long-term memory, showing preferences for native language rhythms and phoneme inventories by 9 months
infants are conditioned to speak
tru
Behaviorists believe that all learning is acquired step-by-step, through
associations and reinforcements
why do linguists believe infants are conditioned to speak
Linguists believes language is a product of biology and is too complex to be mastered so early and easily by conditioning.
Children who are not spoken to more and praised by caregivers tend to develop language fa
false
Infants are equipped for language even before birth:
Partly due to brain readiness, and also because of auditory experiences in the uterus
Newborns prefer to hear
hear speech over other
The sound of a human voice, whether familiar or strange always fascinates infants
what is the rule of thumb when testing babies
rule of thumb - very young kids start with speech because they want this more in order to condition them and you get some information before they tap out, then switch to pure tones
explain infant directed speech
Adults speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness and elongated pauses between utterances
Also known as parentese, motherese, or child-directed speech
why might IDS attract an infants attention more than ADS
its slower pace and accentuated changes provide the infant with more salient language cues
Helps infants perceive the sounds that are fundamental to their language
birth to 6 wks speech deve milestone
crying phase
7 wks to 3 mos
cooing
after 4 mos
babbling8
8-10 mos
first understanding of language
around 12 mos
first words
18 mos
50- words
18-20 mos
vocab spurt
24 mos
two word sentences
after 30 mos
development of grammar
when should a baby make their first word
12 mos
when is the crying phase
birth to 6 wks
when should they begin babbling
after 4 mos
when should they have 50 words
18 mos
what happens after they turn into 18 mos
vocabular explosion
when can babies put two words together
around 24 mos
what is meant by vocabulary explosion
they are suddenly speaking a lot of words (more than 50)
infants begin making sounds that are language-based
around 2 mos
start cooing
produce vowel like sounds “ooooo” “aaaa”
infants begin making speech-like sound that have no meaning
at 5-6 mos
cooing turns into babbling
only babies that speak english babble
FALSE
all babies with different languages will make the same sounds and start babbling the same
what is babbling
extended repetition of certain single syllables, such as “ma-ma-ma, da-da-da, ba-ba-ba” that begins at 6-7 months of age
what is meant by Babbling is experience-expectant learning
All babies babble
All babies gesture
The sounds they make are similar no matter what language their parents speak
O ver the next few months, babbling incorporates sounds from their native language.
true
describe the phonological development
Infants, regardless of the parents’ language, are born with the ability to discriminate a universal set of phonetic contrasts
This ability declines as a function of specific linguistic experience (Eimas, 1978;Werker et al., 1981), and is not found in adults.
Experience listening to a language may be necessary to facilitate perception of some phonetic distinctions (Eilers, Gavin & Wilson, 1979)
what are phonemes
The basic building blocks of language
The unique sounds that can be joined to create words
The sound of “p” in pin, pet, and pat
The sound of “b” in bed, bat, and bird
Infants can distinguish many of these sounds, some of them as early as ___ month after birth
1
Can discriminate sounds they have never heard before such as phonemes from a foreign language
true
why do pbnwm come early?
because they are the most visible on the mouth and they can see them on the face
this is because they mimic what they see and hear
what is the typical pattern of speech sound development
pbnwm
t,d,ng,k,g,y
f,s,z
sh,ch,l
j,v
r, th
what is another importance of learning alngauge
gestures, pointing to convey a message
paves the way for language
paves the way for language
gestures, (which are symbols)
Once an infant’s vocabulary reaches about 50 words it suddenly begins to build rapidly, at a rate of _____ words per month, mostly ___.
This language spurt occurs around 18 months and is sometimes called the ______
50-100+
nouns
Naming explosion
what is the naming explosion
Once an infant’s vocabulary reaches about 50 words it suddenly begins to build rapidly, at a rate of 50-100+ words per month, mostly nouns.
around 18 mos
By about ____years of age, children have the ability to produce more complex sentences (four or more words per sentence).
2 ½
words or endings of words that make sentences more grammatical
grammatical morphemes
A 1 ½-year-old might say “kick ball” but a 3-year-old would be more likely to say “I am kicking the ball”
true
The rate of children’s vocabulary development is influenced by the amount of talk they are exposed to
what does this mean
The more speech that is addressed to a toddler, the more rapidly the toddler will learn new words
what is underextension
using a word too narrowly.
Using the word “cat” to refer only to the family cat
Using the word “ball” to refer only to a favorite toy ball
what is overextension
Using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate
Common between 1 and 3 years of age
More common than Underextension
Toddlers will apply the new word to a group of similar experiences
“Open” – for opening a door, peeling fruit, or undoing shoelaces
more common
overextension
a sign of verbal sophistication because it shows children are applying the rules to grammar.
overregularization
what is overregularization
Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular.
Applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule
This leads young children to talk about “foots”, “tooths”, “sleeps”, “sheeps” and “mouses”
he goed
I catched it
why do they overextend
because they have not acquired another suitable word or because they have difficulty remembering a more suitable word
examples of overextension
Ball referring to ball, balloon, marble, egg, or apple
Moon referring to moon, half-moon shaped lemon slice, or half a Cheerio
Car referring to a car, bus, truck, or tractor
Daddy referring to dad or any man
Doggie referring to dog or any four-legged animal
what is the apgar eval
All newborn infants receive multiple examinations shortly after birth to detect obvious abnormalities and to determine the need for immediate resuscitation.
In 1953, Dr. Virginia Apgar, an anesthesiologist, developed a tool for evaluating an infant’s condition in the delivery room. Evaluation is completed at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes following birth. Both evaluations are based on five standardized observations (heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color). A rating of 0 to 2 is assigned to each observation and the maximum Apgar score attainable is 10
what is the gestational age
defined in weeks as the duration of pregnancy before birth. i.e., the period of time between conception and birth (age since conception).
It can be estimated from:
The mother’s last menstrual period.
Inaccurate and unreliable.
Physical and neuromuscular characteristics of the fetus.
Can be compared to birth weight to determine if the infant is small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), or large for gestational age (LGA).
what is prenatal
before birth
postnatal
after birth
perinatal
pertaining to the period around the time of birth, from the 28th week of gestation through the seventh day following delivery.
embryonic period
First 8 weeks; all major organs formed
fetal period
Remaining 30 weeks; organs grow larger and become more complex.
what is chronological age
the age from the actual day the child was born
what is corrected or adjusted age
The baby’s actual age in weeks minus the number of weeks the baby was preterm. i.e., it is based on the age the child would be if the pregnancy had actually gone to term; calculated as:
Corrected age (CA) = chronological age - # weeks or months premature
how is corrected age calculated
Corrected age (CA) = chronological age - # weeks or months premature
Baby J was born at 28 weeks gestation
He was 12 weeks premature (40 weeks - 28 weeks = 12 weeks = 3 months)
Today it is 6 months past the day he was actually born (6 months CH)
CA = 6 months - 3 months
Baby J is ______ corrected age
CA = 6 months - 3 months
3 months
full term
born between 37- 42 ( typically 40) weeks from the mother’s last menstrual period.
premature
born less than 37 weeks gestation
post term
born after 42 weeks gestation
neonate
nfant during the first 4 weeks of life.
1 month to 1 year
infant
would we do corrected age if baby was born at 37 weeks
no because they are considered mature
what is the development of the ear
The ear begins to develop by the 3rd week of embryonic life
The external ear and middle ear are initiated by formation of the branchial arches during the 4th week and becomes recognizable by week 8.
The structures of the inner ear are mature at 20 to 26 weeks
The auditory nerve is hooked up by 24 to 26 weeks
Mechanical and neural properties mature simultaneously and synchronously, ready for function
Brain cell formation for the central auditory pathways is complete at birth but neural maturation continues for many more years after birth!
When the developing fetus begins to “hear.”?
The auditory system becomes functional around 25 weeks’ gestation
Using pure tones presented through a microphone placed on the mother’s abdomen, fetal heart rate increase in response to the tones was recorded after the 20th week of gestation (Johansson et al., 1964).
what aud behavior should we expect 0-4 mos
Moro reflex, eye blinking or widening, sucking. Startle when there is a very loud noise.
what aud behavior should we expect 4-7 mos
Head lateral turn towards the sound source
VAR
what aud behavior should we expect 7-9 mos
Good lateral localization skills. Or downwards
what aud behavior should we expect 9-13mos
Sound localization in all directions.
what aud behavior should we expect 13+ mos
Excellent localization, child can also be distracted easily
Infants and children with hearing loss must pass through the same stages of auditory development as infants and children with normal hearing, but their ability to learn about sound is likely to be limited by their hearing impairment.
true
describe the neonatal hearing development in overview
The child discriminates and prefers the mother’s voice over another female’s voice.
Discriminate native/foreign language
Infants tend to respond more consistently to voice and white noise than to a 4000-Hz tone
Preference to familiar nursery rhymes
what is abs sensitivity
what is the softest level that you can detect the sounds
refers to the ability to detect a sound in quiet
when is this mature? cochlea is ready and process sound at 25 wks but not fully mature so when is it adult like?
10 yrs of age
which frequencies mature first
HF
tested frequency resolution in 3- and 6-month-old infants at 500, 1000, and 4000 Hz.
________ were like adults in frequency resolution at all frequencies.
6-month-olds
tested frequency resolution in 3- and 6-month-old infants at 500, 1000, and 4000 Hz.
also had mature frequency resolution at 500 and 1000 Hz but had poorer frequency resolution than adults and older infants at 4000 Hz.
3 mo olds
as adults, what is the sensitivity that we are able to discri8minate intensity of a sound
1 dB
as 6 mos, what is the sensitivity that we are able to discriminate intensity of a sound
12 - 4 dB change
when do babies match adults for sound sensitiity discrim
6 yrs
by 12 mos, what is the sensitivity that we are able to discri8minate intensity of a sound
3 dB
what is temporal resolution
ability to hear changes in sound over time
how do we use gap detection to tell differences in background speech
speech fluctuates and glimpses of silences (no speech energy) this is the gap and it picks this up to find difference bw speech and background noise to keep tracking imp messages that they use
Adults can detect gaps as short as _____ ms in some conditions
3
Infants up to 12-month-olds do not detect gaps shorter than about ____ ms
30
By preschool, the gap detection threshold in a 2000-Hz noise band has improved to about 12 ms, and by____ years of age, gap detection appears to be mature
6
by what age can children localize many sounds in the left-right dimension as well as adults
5 yrs
do children need a higher snr than adults
yes
what is meant by a higher snr
speech volume needs to be louder than the loud and the difference bw larger
is 0 dB SNR easy for adults
NO very hard because speech and noise are the same volums
why is it good to explain this? why do i need to fit a ha on a child with mild HL?
what difficulty will a child with HL experience?
they do well in quiet environments but we do not know how much information they are processing during
they need speech louder in a classroom and they need speech louder normally and with a HL it will affect his academic performance
Human auditory development begins ______ and continues into ________.
before birth
adolescence
The basic auditory capacities, the spectral and temporal representations of sound, are not completely mature at birth but are apparently adultlike by about _____ months of age.
6
The ability to use the information that the ear provides the brain develops over a much longer time course.
yes
As children grow older, they become sensitive to aspects of sounds that they previously appeared not to notice.
true
speech language hearing milestones birth to 3 mos
Startles to loud sounds
Calms to familiar voices
Turns head to mother’s voice
Smiles when hears a new voice.
Makes vowel sounds “ooh” and “ahh”
speech language hearing milestones
3-6 mos
Makes a variety of sounds “ba-ba” and “ga-ba”
Enjoys babbling
Likes sound making toys
Turns eyes and head toward sounds
speech language hearing milestones
6-9 mos
Responds to own name
Imitates speech with non-speech sounds
Plays with voice repetition “la-la-la”
Understands “no” and “bye-bye”
Says “da-da” or “ma-ma”
Listens attentively to music and singing
speech language hearing milestones
9-12 mos
Responds differently to happy or angry talking
Turns head quickly toward loud or soft sounds
Jabbers in response to human voice
Uses two or three simple words correctly
Gives up toys when asked
Stops in response to “no”
Follows simple directions
speech language hearing milestones
12-18 mos
Identifies people, body parts, and toys on request
Turns head briskly to source of sound in all directions
Can tell you what he or she wants
Talks in what sounds like sentences
Gestures with speech appropriately
Bounces in rhythm with music
Repeats some words that you say
speech language hearing milestones
18 to 24 mos
Follows simple commands
Speaks in understandable two-word phrases
Recognizes sounds in the environment
Has a vocabulary of 20 words or more
what happens for children with hearing loss
they will go similar phases as normal
even if they are deaf and have complete malformation or without a nerve they still babble
but they will not hear themselves or get the feedback so the babbling eventually stops
normal babies will hear themselves and entertain themselves with it
Deaf infants and toddlers seem to master sign language in much the same way and at about the same pace that hearing children master spoken language.
Deaf 10-month-olds often “babble” in signs: they produce signs that are meaningless but resemble the tempo and duration of real signs
true
what are red flags for children that may be signs for HL
No babbling at 12 months
No gesturing (pointing, waving bye-bye) by 12 months
No single words by 16 months
No 2 words combination spontaneous phrases by 24 months
No 3 words combination by 3 years of age
Unintelligible speech at 3 years
Limited number of consonants at 2 years
Simplified grammar at 3 ½ years
Difficulty formulating ideas and using vocab at 4 years
Language not used communicatively
