Typical Speech and Auditory Development

Question 1

speech perception

Answer 1

process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. Describes the ability to perceive linguistic structure in the acoustic signal

Question 2

language

Answer 2

communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols

Question 3

speech

Answer 3

act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words

Question 4

What are the first signs of communication in infants that occurs and they realize it brings food, comfort, and companionship?

Answer 4

Crying

Question 5

The language environment is not only auditory, but

Answer 5

language exposure from face to face interaction with adults

Question 6

Birth to 6 months:

Answer 6

initial preferences and sensitivities

Question 7

How many months of auditory experience do full term newborns have ?

Answer 7

more than 2 months

Question 8

utero acoustic suggest that frequencies above 1000 Hz are attenuated by

Answer 8

20 to 30 dB in transmission to fetuses

Question 9

neonates respond differently to native and nonnative variants of vowels suggesting usable access to frequencies up to

Answer 9

2600 Hz

Question 10

Suprasegmental information (prosodic features)

Answer 10

duration, intonation, syllables, and stress

Question 11

early encoding

Answer 11

fetuses encode speech information into memory
- distinguish native language from foreign/ mothers voice to women’s voice
- preference for familiar nursey rhymes over new ones

Question 12

Sensitivity to rhythm and intonation

Answer 12

infants are attuned to the rhythmic and intonational properties of speech at birth and even before

Question 13

early speech processing

Answer 13

infants prefer IDS over ADS
- prefer intonation that conveys emotional information
- prefer speech with positive affects wether it is IDS or ADS

Question 14

Segmental information (acoustic properties)

Answer 14

differentiate phonemes;
segments are discrete units of speech that differentiate phonemes

Question 15

phoneme sensitivity

Answer 15

infants can detect important phonetic properties for identifying phonemes across languages and discriminate voicing, place, and manner of articulation

Question 16

Encoding phonemes into long term memory

Answer 16

infants encode segmental information into long term memory, showing preferences for native language rhythms and phoneme inventories by 9 months

Question 17

Language experience

Answer 17

infants initially discriminate phonemic contrasts universally but focus on native language sounds by 10-12 months

Question 18

Phonology
(element to language)

Answer 18

refers to the sounds of a language

Question 19

Semantics
(element to language)

Answer 19

study of words and their meaning

Question 20

Morphology
(element to language)

Answer 20

study of rules that governs morphemes

Question 21

Pragmatics
(elements to language)

Answer 21

study of how people use language to communicate effectively

Question 22

Syntax
(element to language)

Answer 22

arrangement of words in sentences

Question 23

infants equipped for language before birth because of

Answer 23

brain readiness and auditory experiences in the uterus

Question 24

newborns prefer to HEAR speech over other

Answer 24

the sound of human voice, whether familiar or strange always fascinates infants

Question 25

Infant directed speech

Answer 25

adults speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness and elongated pauses between utterances

Question 26

other names for IDS

Answer 26

motherese, parentese, or child directed speech

Question 27

IDS grabs infant attention because

Answer 27

slower pace and accentuated changes provide the infant with more salient language Helps perceive sounds that are fundamental to their language

Question 28

crying phase

Answer 28

birth to 6 weeks

Question 29

cooing

Answer 29

7 weeks to 3 months

Question 30

babbling

Answer 30

after 4 months

Question 31

first understanding of language

Answer 31

8-10 months

Question 32

first words

Answer 32

approx 12 months

Question 33

50 words

Answer 33

18 months

Question 34

vocabulary spurt

Answer 34

18-20 months

Question 35

two word sentences

Answer 35

24 months

Question 36

development of grammar

Answer 36

after 30 months

Question 37

Speech production

Answer 37

at 2 months infants make sounds that are language based starting with cooing

Question 38

cooing

Answer 38

oooo and ahhhh

Question 39

when do infants begin making speech like sound that have no meaning coooing turns to babbling

Answer 39

5 to 6 months

Question 40

What is babbling begins when?

Answer 40

extended repetition of certain single syllables mamama dadada 6-7 months

Question 41

babbling is experience expectant learning

Answer 41

all babies babble all babies gesture sounds they make are similar no matter what language parents speak

Question 42

Phonemes

Answer 42

basic building block of language - unique sounds can be joined to create words (P in pet/pat)

Question 43

Infants can distinguish many phonemes/sounds early as

Answer 43

1 month

Question 44

when do children use gestures (symbols)

Answer 44

before their first birthday

Question 45

Do gestures and words convey a message equally well?

Answer 45

Yes gestures pave the way for language

Question 46

naming explosion

Answer 46

language spurt around 18 months 50-100 + words per month

Question 47

2 1/2 years of age (four or more words per sentence)

Answer 47

ability to produce more complex sentences

Question 48

words or ending of words that make sentences more grammatical

Answer 48

grammatical morphemes

Question 49

underextension

Answer 49

using word to narrowly using cat to refer only to family cat

Question 50

overextension (More common)

Answer 50

using a word in a broader context than is appropriate - common between 1 to 3 apply new word to group of similar experiences open for = open the door/ peeling fruit/ or undoing shoelaces

Question 51

Overregularization

Question 54

Apgar evaluation

Answer 54

all newborns receive multiple examinations shortly after birth to detect obvious abnormalities and to determine the need for immediate resuscitation

Question 55

gestational age

Answer 55

defined in weeks as the duration of pregnancy before birth ex: the period of time between conception and birth

Question 56

how can gestational age be estimated?

Answer 56

mothers last menstrual period - inaccurate/unreliable physical and neuromuscular characteristics of the fetus

Question 57

prenatal post natal perinatal

Answer 57

before birth after birth - pertaining to the period around the time of birth, from 28 week gestation through the seventh day following delivery

Question 58

embryonic period

Answer 58

first 8 weeks, all major organs formed

Question 59

fetal period

Answer 59

remaining 30 weeks, organs grow larger and become more complex

Question 60

chronological age

Answer 60

age from the actual day child was born

Question 61

corrected or adjusted age

Answer 61

babies actual age in weeks minus the number of weeks the baby was preterm - based on the age the child would be if the pregnancy had gone to term Chronological age - # of weeks or months premature = Corrected age

Question 62

full term

Answer 62

born between 37-42 (typically 40) weeks from the mothers last menstrual period

Question 63

premature

Answer 63

born less than 37 weeks gestation

Question 64

post term

Answer 64

born after 42 weeks gestation

Question 65

neonate

Answer 65

infant during the first 4 weeks of life

Question 66

infant

Answer 66

1 month to 1 year

Question 67

0 to 4 months

Answer 67

moro reflex, eye blinking or widening, sucking - startle when there is loud noise

Question 68

4 to 7 months

Answer 68

head lateral turn towards the sound source

Question 69

7 to 9 months

Answer 69

good lateral localization skills or downwards

Question 70

9 to 13 months

Answer 70

sound localization in all directions

Question 71

13 + months

Answer 71

excellent localization child can also be distracted easily

Question 72

absolute auditory sensitivity refers to

Answer 72

the ability to detect a sound in quiet softest level - does not reach adult levels until 10 years of age

Question 73

developmental improvements in absolute sensitivity are/are not

Answer 73

ARE NOT uniform across frequencies

Question 74

what matures more rapidly? High or low frequencies

Answer 74

high frequencies

Question 75

preschoolers and school aged children require a

Answer 75

higher SNR compared to adults to achieve similar levels of performance on speech recognition test in presence of noise and speech maskers