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Pediatric audiology > Typical Speech and Auditory Development > Flashcards

Typical Speech and Auditory Development Flashcards

Lecture 1

1
Q

speech perception

A

process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. Describes the ability to perceive linguistic structure in the acoustic signal

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2
Q

language

A

communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols

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3
Q

speech

A

act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words

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4
Q

What are the first signs of communication in infants that occurs and they realize it brings food, comfort, and companionship?

A

Crying

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5
Q

The language environment is not only auditory, but

A

language exposure from face to face interaction with adults

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6
Q

Birth to 6 months:

A

initial preferences and sensitivities

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7
Q

How many months of auditory experience do full term newborns have ?

A

more than 2 months

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8
Q

utero acoustic suggest that frequencies above 1000 Hz are attenuated by

A

20 to 30 dB in transmission to fetuses

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9
Q

neonates respond differently to native and nonnative variants of vowels suggesting usable access to frequencies up to

A

2600 Hz

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10
Q

Suprasegmental information (prosodic features)

A

duration, intonation, syllables, and stress

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11
Q

early encoding

A

fetuses encode speech information into memory
- distinguish native language from foreign/ mothers voice to women’s voice
- preference for familiar nursey rhymes over new ones

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12
Q

Sensitivity to rhythm and intonation

A

infants are attuned to the rhythmic and intonational properties of speech at birth and even before

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13
Q

early speech processing

A

infants prefer IDS over ADS
- prefer intonation that conveys emotional information
- prefer speech with positive affects wether it is IDS or ADS

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14
Q

Segmental information (acoustic properties)

A

differentiate phonemes;
segments are discrete units of speech that differentiate phonemes

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15
Q

phoneme sensitivity

A

infants can detect important phonetic properties for identifying phonemes across languages and discriminate voicing, place, and manner of articulation

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16
Q

Encoding phonemes into long term memory

A

infants encode segmental information into long term memory, showing preferences for native language rhythms and phoneme inventories by 9 months

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17
Q

Language experience

A

infants initially discriminate phonemic contrasts universally but focus on native language sounds by 10-12 months

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18
Q

Phonology
(element to language)

A

refers to the sounds of a language

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19
Q

Semantics
(element to language)

A

study of words and their meaning

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20
Q

Morphology
(element to language)

A

study of rules that governs morphemes

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21
Q

Pragmatics
(elements to language)

A

study of how people use language to communicate effectively

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22
Q

Syntax
(element to language)

A

arrangement of words in sentences

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23
Q

infants equipped for language before birth because of

A

brain readiness and auditory experiences in the uterus

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24
Q

newborns prefer to HEAR speech over other

A

the sound of human voice, whether familiar or strange always fascinates infants

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25
Q

Infant directed speech

A

adults speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness and elongated pauses between utterances

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26
Q

other names for IDS

A

motherese, parentese, or child directed speech

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27
Q

IDS grabs infant attention because

A

slower pace and accentuated changes provide the infant with more salient language

Helps perceive sounds that are fundamental to their language

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28
Q

crying phase

A

birth to 6 weeks

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29
Q

cooing

A

7 weeks to 3 months

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30
Q

babbling

A

after 4 months

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31
Q

first understanding of language

A

8-10 months

32
Q

first words

A

approx 12 months

33
Q

50 words

A

18 months

34
Q

vocabulary spurt

A

18-20 months

35
Q

two word sentences

A

24 months

36
Q

development of grammar

A

after 30 months

37
Q

Speech production

A

at 2 months infants make sounds that are language based
starting with cooing

38
Q

cooing

A

oooo and ahhhh

39
Q

when do infants begin making speech like sound that have no meaning
coooing turns to babbling

A

5 to 6 months

40
Q

What is babbling

begins when?

A

extended repetition of certain single syllables
mamama dadada

6-7 months

41
Q

babbling is experience expectant learning

A

all babies babble
all babies gesture
sounds they make are similar no matter what language parents speak

42
Q

Phonemes

A

basic building block of language
- unique sounds can be joined to create words (P in pet/pat)

43
Q

Infants can distinguish many phonemes/sounds early as

A

1 month

44
Q

when do children use gestures (symbols)

A

before their first birthday

45
Q

Do gestures and words convey a message equally well?

A

Yes
gestures pave the way for language

46
Q

naming explosion

A

language spurt around 18 months
50-100 + words per month

47
Q

2 1/2 years of age
(four or more words per sentence)

A

ability to produce more complex sentences

48
Q

words or ending of words that make sentences more grammatical

A

grammatical morphemes

49
Q

underextension

A

using word to narrowly
using cat to refer only to family cat

50
Q

overextension
(More common)

A

using a word in a broader context than is appropriate
- common between 1 to 3
apply new word to group of similar experiences

open for = open the door/ peeling fruit/ or undoing shoelaces

51
Q

Overregularization

A
52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q

Apgar evaluation

A

all newborns receive multiple examinations shortly after birth to detect obvious abnormalities and to determine the need for immediate resuscitation

55
Q

gestational age

A

defined in weeks as the duration of pregnancy before birth
ex: the period of time between conception and birth

56
Q

how can gestational age be estimated?

A

mothers last menstrual period
- inaccurate/unreliable
physical and neuromuscular characteristics of the fetus

57
Q

prenatal
post natal
perinatal

A

before birth
after birth
- pertaining to the period around the time of birth, from 28 week gestation through the seventh day following delivery

58
Q

embryonic period

A

first 8 weeks, all major organs formed

59
Q

fetal period

A

remaining 30 weeks, organs grow larger and become more complex

60
Q

chronological age

A

age from the actual day child was born

61
Q

corrected or adjusted age

A

babies actual age in weeks minus the number of weeks the baby was preterm
- based on the age the child would be if the pregnancy had gone to term

Chronological age - # of weeks or months premature = Corrected age

62
Q

full term

A

born between 37-42 (typically 40) weeks from the mothers last menstrual period

63
Q

premature

A

born less than 37 weeks gestation

64
Q

post term

A

born after 42 weeks gestation

65
Q

neonate

A

infant during the first 4 weeks of life

66
Q

infant

A

1 month to 1 year

67
Q

0 to 4 months

A

moro reflex, eye blinking or widening, sucking
- startle when there is loud noise

68
Q

4 to 7 months

A

head lateral turn towards the sound source

69
Q

7 to 9 months

A

good lateral localization skills or downwards

70
Q

9 to 13 months

A

sound localization in all directions

71
Q

13 + months

A

excellent localization child can also be distracted easily

72
Q

absolute auditory sensitivity refers to

A

the ability to detect a sound in quiet
softest level
- does not reach adult levels until 10 years of age

73
Q

developmental improvements in absolute sensitivity are/are not

A

ARE NOT uniform across frequencies

74
Q

what matures more rapidly? High or low frequencies

A

high frequencies

75
Q

preschoolers and school aged children require a

A

higher SNR compared to adults to achieve similar levels of performance on speech recognition test in presence of noise and speech maskers

Pediatric audiology (5 decks)

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