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AUDE 6140 - Pediatric Audiology > Typical Speech and Auditory Development > Flashcards

Typical Speech and Auditory Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 elements of language?

A

Phonology, semantics, morphology, pragmatics, and syntax

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2
Q

What is phonology?

A

The sounds of a language

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3
Q

What is semantics?

A

Study of words and their meanings

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4
Q

What is morphology?

A

Study of rules that governs morphemes

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5
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

Study of how people use language to communicate effectively

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6
Q

What is syntax?

A

The arrangement of words in sentences

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7
Q

What is speech perception?

A

The process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. It describes the ability to perceive linguistic structure in the acoustic speech signal

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8
Q

What is language?

A

Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols

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9
Q

What is speech?

A

The act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words

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10
Q

What is the first sign of communication in infants?

A

Crying
Will bring food, comfort, and companionship

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11
Q

Is language exposure just auditory?

A

No, also comes from face-to-face interaction and reading emotion

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12
Q

Do full term newborns have more than 2 months of auditory experience?

A

Yes
They could hear before birth

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13
Q

What is the frequency range that infants can hear in utero?

A

Up to 1000 Hz
Attenuated at higher frequencies
Although one study suggests that they have access up to 2600 Hz due to responding differently to native vowels

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14
Q

What is early encoding?

A

They don’t just have access to auditory information, but also speech information (store into memory before birth)
They can distinguish their native language from a foreign one
They prefer their mom’s voice

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15
Q

Can fetuses perceive suprasegmental information?

A

Yes, such as early encoding, sensitivity to rhythm and intonation, and early speech processing

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16
Q

What is early speech processing for fetuses?

A

Infants prefer infant-directed speech over adult directed speech
They prefer intonation that conveys emotional information
They prefer speech with positive affect

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17
Q

Can infants perceive segmental information?

A

Yes, such as phoneme sensitivity and language experience

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18
Q

What is segmental information?

A

Acoustic properties that differentiate phonemes

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19
Q

Can infants detect phonetic properties to identify phonemes?

A

Yes
Can identify phonemes across languages and discriminate voicing, place, and manner of articulation

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20
Q

Can infants encode phonemes into long-term memory?

A

Yes
They can show preferences for native language rhythms and phoneme inventories by 9 months

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21
Q

Do infants initially discriminate phonemic contrasts universally?

A

Yes, but they focus on native language sounds by 10-12 months

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22
Q

What do behaviorists believe about speech?

A

They believe that all language learning is acquired step-by-step
Associations and reinforcements

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23
Q

What do linguists believe about speech?

A

Linguists believe language is a product of biology and is too complex to be mastered so early and easily by conditioning

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24
Q

Do children who are spoken to more and praised by caregivers develop language faster?

A

Yes

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25
Q

How do parents and caregivers speak to their children?

A

Name items for infants when speaking to them
Speak clearly and slowly
Motherese (baby-talk) to capture interest

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26
Q

Why are infants equipped for language before birth?

A

Brain readiness and auditory experiences in the uterus

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27
Q

Do newborns prefer to hear speech over other sounds?

A

Yes
They will look longer and turn their head toward the speech source
Whether it is familiar or not, it always fascinates infants

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28
Q

What is infant-directed speech?

A

Speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness
Elongated pauses between utterances
Attracts their attention more than adult-directed speech due to more salient language cues available

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29
Q

What speech milestone occurs from birth to 6 weeks?

A

Crying phase

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30
Q

What speech milestone occurs from 7 weeks to 3 months?

A

Cooing

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31
Q

What speech milestone occurs after 4 months?

A

Babbling

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32
Q

What speech milestone occurs after 8-10 months?

A

First understanding of language

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33
Q

What speech milestone occurs at approximately 12 months?

A

First words

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34
Q

What speech milestone occurs at 18 months?

A

50 words

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35
Q

What speech milestone occurs between 18-20 months?

A

Vocabulary spurt

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36
Q

What speech milestone occurs at 24 months?

A

Two word sentences

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37
Q

What speech milestone occurs after 30 months?

A

Grammar development

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38
Q

What will infants begin to do at 2 months?

A

Make sounds that are language based
Starts with cooing
Vowel-like sounds “ooooo” and “ahhhh”

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39
Q

When do infants begin to make speech-like sounds that have no meaning?

A

5-6 months
Babbling

40
Q

What is babbling?

A

Extended repetition of certain single syllables
ma-ma-ma, da-da-da, ba-ba-ba

41
Q

Is babbling experience expectant learning?

A

Yes, all babies babble and gesture
The sounds they make are similar no matter what language their parents speak

42
Q

After babbling starts, what changes about it after a few months?

A

Babbling incorporates sounds from their native language

43
Q

What speech sounds are typically developed first?

A

p, b, h, n, w, m

44
Q

What speech sounds are typically developed last?

A

r, th

45
Q

When do children typically begin using gestures and symbols?

A

Shortly before their first birthday
Conveys a message just like words, can pave the way for language

46
Q

Once an infant’s vocabulary reaches 50 words, does it begin to rapidly build?

A

Yes
50-100+ words per month
Mostly nouns

47
Q

What is the language spurt around 18 months called?

A

Naming explosion

48
Q

By 2.5 years, can children produce more complex sounds?

A

Yes
Can produce four or more words per sentence
Start producing longer sentences with grammatical morphemes

49
Q

What are some early errors in language?

A

Underextension and overextension
Overregularization

50
Q

What is underextension?

A

Using a word too narrowly
Using the word “cat” to refer only to the family cat
Using the word “ball” to refer only to a favorite toy ball

51
Q

What is overextension?

A

Using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate
Common between 1 and 3 years of age
More common than underextension
Toddlers will apply the new word to a group of similar experiences
“Open” – for opening a door, peeling fruit, or undoing shoelaces

52
Q

What is overregularization?

A

Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular
This leads young children to talk about “foots”, “tooths”, “sleeps”, “sheeps” and “mouses”
Sign of verbal sophistication because it shows children are applying grammar rules

53
Q

What is the apgar evaluation?

A

Evaluation in the delivery room
Developed in 1953
Completed at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth
5 observations (vitals)
Rating of 0 to 2 assigned to each observation (max score 10)

54
Q

What are the 5 observations in the apgar evaluation?

A

Heart rate
Respiratory effort
Reflex irritability
Muscle tone
Color

55
Q

What is gestational age?

A

Weeks as the duration of the pregnancy before birth
Time between conception and birth
Estimated from mother’s last menstrual period and physical and neuromuscular characteristics of the fetus

56
Q

What is prenatal?

A

Before birth

57
Q

What is postnatal?

A

After birth

58
Q

What is perinatal?

A

Pertaining to the period around the time of birth, from the 28th week of gestation through the seventh day following delivery

59
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

First 8 weeks
All major organs formed

60
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

Remaining 30 weeks
Organs grow larger and become more complex

61
Q

What is chronological age?

A

Age from the actual day the child was born

62
Q

What is the corrected or adjusted age?

A

Done with premature child
The baby’s actual age in weeks minus the number of weeks the baby was preterm. i.e., it is based on the age the child would be if the pregnancy had actually gone to term
Corrected age (CA) = chronological age - # weeks or months premature

63
Q

What is considered full term?

A

Born between 37 and 42 weeks from mother’s last period
40 typical

64
Q

What is premature?

A

Born less than 37 weeks gestation

65
Q

What is post term?

A

Born after 42 weeks gestation

66
Q

What is neonate?

A

Infant during the first 4 weeks of life

67
Q

What is an infant?

A

1 month to 1 year in age

68
Q

When does the ear begin to develop?

A

3rd week of embryonic life

69
Q

When are the external ear and middle ear initiated?

A

4th week (with the formation of the branchial arches)
Become recognizable by week 8

70
Q

When do the structures of the inner ear mature?

A

Weeks 20 to 26

71
Q

When does the auditory nerve hook up to the cochlea?

A

24 to 26 weeks

72
Q

Does neural maturation continue for many years after birth?

A

Yes

73
Q

When does the auditory system become functional?

A

Around 25 weeks gestation
Developing during first 20 weeks

74
Q

What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 0 to 4 months?

A

Moro reflex
Eye blinking or widening
Sucking
Startle when loud noise

75
Q

What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 4 to 7 months?

A

Head lateral turn towards sound source

76
Q

What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 7 to 9 months?

A

Good lateral localization skills or downward

77
Q

What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 9 to 13 months?

A

Sound localization in all directions

78
Q

What neonatal hearing development milestone happens at 13+ months?

A

Excellent localization, child can also be distracted easily

79
Q

If children do not have access to sound and incidental learning, do they fall behind in language learning?

A

Yes
Want to maximize incidental learning

80
Q

What is absolute auditory sensitivity?

A

Ability to detect a sound in quiet

81
Q

Do developmental improvements in absolute sensitivity mature equally at all frequencies?

A

No
Higher frequencies mature more rapidly (threshold decreases as auditory system matures)
Absolute sensitivity does not reach adult levels until about 10 years of age at all frequencies

82
Q

Do 6 month-olds have adult-like frequency resolution at all frequencies?

A

Yes

83
Q

What is the frequency resolution for 3-month-olds?

A

Mature frequency resolution at 500 and 1000 Hz, but had poorer resolution than adults and older infants at 4000 Hz

84
Q

When does intensity discrimination develop?

A

Variable performance by 6 months
Consistent an good at 12 months
Decreases from 3 dB to 1 to 2 dB at 6 years

85
Q

Can a 7-month old hear complex pitch like adults?

A

Yes

86
Q

What size of gaps can adults detect?

A

As short as 3 ms

87
Q

Can infants up to 12-months-old detect gaps?

A

Can not detect them shorter than about 30 ms

88
Q

What are the gap detection abilities by preschool?

A

Improved to about 12 ms at 2000 Hz
Appears to be mature at 6 years

89
Q

Is spatial hearing in infants and young children good?

A

Not as good as adults

89
Q

When do children have spatial hearing as good as adults?

A

5 years old

90
Q

Do preschoolers and school-aged children require a higher SNR than adults?

A

Yes, they need that to achieve similar levels of performance on speech recognition tests

91
Q

Do children with hearing loss babble?

A

They babble similarly to those with normal hearing until 6 months
Less babbling as they grow older
Rate of babbling can increase if parents speak to them

92
Q

Is babbling more affected with those with severe hearing loss compared to mild or moderate?

A

Yes
Babbling of moderately impaired infants if closer to normal

93
Q

Do Deaf infants and toddlers master sign language in the same way and at the same pace as hearing children master spoken language?

A

Yes

94
Q

Do Deaf infants often babble in ASL?

A

Yes

95
Q
A

AUDE 6140 - Pediatric Audiology (15 decks)

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