Typical Speech and Auditory Development Flashcards
What are the 5 elements of language?
Phonology, semantics, morphology, pragmatics, and syntax
What is phonology?
The sounds of a language
What is semantics?
Study of words and their meanings
What is morphology?
Study of rules that governs morphemes
What are pragmatics?
Study of how people use language to communicate effectively
What is syntax?
The arrangement of words in sentences
What is speech perception?
The process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. It describes the ability to perceive linguistic structure in the acoustic speech signal
What is language?
Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols
What is speech?
The act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words
What is the first sign of communication in infants?
Crying
Will bring food, comfort, and companionship
Is language exposure just auditory?
No, also comes from face-to-face interaction and reading emotion
Do full term newborns have more than 2 months of auditory experience?
Yes
They could hear before birth
What is the frequency range that infants can hear in utero?
Up to 1000 Hz
Attenuated at higher frequencies
Although one study suggests that they have access up to 2600 Hz due to responding differently to native vowels
What is early encoding?
They don’t just have access to auditory information, but also speech information (store into memory before birth)
They can distinguish their native language from a foreign one
They prefer their mom’s voice
Can fetuses perceive suprasegmental information?
Yes, such as early encoding, sensitivity to rhythm and intonation, and early speech processing
What is early speech processing for fetuses?
Infants prefer infant-directed speech over adult directed speech
They prefer intonation that conveys emotional information
They prefer speech with positive affect
Can infants perceive segmental information?
Yes, such as phoneme sensitivity and language experience
What is segmental information?
Acoustic properties that differentiate phonemes
Can infants detect phonetic properties to identify phonemes?
Yes
Can identify phonemes across languages and discriminate voicing, place, and manner of articulation
Can infants encode phonemes into long-term memory?
Yes
They can show preferences for native language rhythms and phoneme inventories by 9 months
Do infants initially discriminate phonemic contrasts universally?
Yes, but they focus on native language sounds by 10-12 months
What do behaviorists believe about speech?
They believe that all language learning is acquired step-by-step
Associations and reinforcements
What do linguists believe about speech?
Linguists believe language is a product of biology and is too complex to be mastered so early and easily by conditioning
Do children who are spoken to more and praised by caregivers develop language faster?
Yes
How do parents and caregivers speak to their children?
Name items for infants when speaking to them
Speak clearly and slowly
Motherese (baby-talk) to capture interest
Why are infants equipped for language before birth?
Brain readiness and auditory experiences in the uterus
Do newborns prefer to hear speech over other sounds?
Yes
They will look longer and turn their head toward the speech source
Whether it is familiar or not, it always fascinates infants
What is infant-directed speech?
Speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness
Elongated pauses between utterances
Attracts their attention more than adult-directed speech due to more salient language cues available
What speech milestone occurs from birth to 6 weeks?
Crying phase
What speech milestone occurs from 7 weeks to 3 months?
Cooing
What speech milestone occurs after 4 months?
Babbling
What speech milestone occurs after 8-10 months?
First understanding of language
What speech milestone occurs at approximately 12 months?
First words
What speech milestone occurs at 18 months?
50 words
What speech milestone occurs between 18-20 months?
Vocabulary spurt
What speech milestone occurs at 24 months?
Two word sentences
What speech milestone occurs after 30 months?
Grammar development
What will infants begin to do at 2 months?
Make sounds that are language based
Starts with cooing
Vowel-like sounds “ooooo” and “ahhhh”
When do infants begin to make speech-like sounds that have no meaning?
5-6 months
Babbling
What is babbling?
Extended repetition of certain single syllables
ma-ma-ma, da-da-da, ba-ba-ba
Is babbling experience expectant learning?
Yes, all babies babble and gesture
The sounds they make are similar no matter what language their parents speak
After babbling starts, what changes about it after a few months?
Babbling incorporates sounds from their native language
What speech sounds are typically developed first?
p, b, h, n, w, m
What speech sounds are typically developed last?
r, th
When do children typically begin using gestures and symbols?
Shortly before their first birthday
Conveys a message just like words, can pave the way for language
Once an infant’s vocabulary reaches 50 words, does it begin to rapidly build?
Yes
50-100+ words per month
Mostly nouns
What is the language spurt around 18 months called?
Naming explosion
By 2.5 years, can children produce more complex sounds?
Yes
Can produce four or more words per sentence
Start producing longer sentences with grammatical morphemes
What are some early errors in language?
Underextension and overextension
Overregularization
What is underextension?
Using a word too narrowly
Using the word “cat” to refer only to the family cat
Using the word “ball” to refer only to a favorite toy ball
What is overextension?
Using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate
Common between 1 and 3 years of age
More common than underextension
Toddlers will apply the new word to a group of similar experiences
“Open” – for opening a door, peeling fruit, or undoing shoelaces
What is overregularization?
Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular
This leads young children to talk about “foots”, “tooths”, “sleeps”, “sheeps” and “mouses”
Sign of verbal sophistication because it shows children are applying grammar rules
What is the apgar evaluation?
Evaluation in the delivery room
Developed in 1953
Completed at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth
5 observations (vitals)
Rating of 0 to 2 assigned to each observation (max score 10)
What are the 5 observations in the apgar evaluation?
Heart rate
Respiratory effort
Reflex irritability
Muscle tone
Color
What is gestational age?
Weeks as the duration of the pregnancy before birth
Time between conception and birth
Estimated from mother’s last menstrual period and physical and neuromuscular characteristics of the fetus
What is prenatal?
Before birth
What is postnatal?
After birth
What is perinatal?
Pertaining to the period around the time of birth, from the 28th week of gestation through the seventh day following delivery
What is the embryonic period?
First 8 weeks
All major organs formed
What is the fetal period?
Remaining 30 weeks
Organs grow larger and become more complex
What is chronological age?
Age from the actual day the child was born
What is the corrected or adjusted age?
Done with premature child
The baby’s actual age in weeks minus the number of weeks the baby was preterm. i.e., it is based on the age the child would be if the pregnancy had actually gone to term
Corrected age (CA) = chronological age - # weeks or months premature
What is considered full term?
Born between 37 and 42 weeks from mother’s last period
40 typical
What is premature?
Born less than 37 weeks gestation
What is post term?
Born after 42 weeks gestation
What is neonate?
Infant during the first 4 weeks of life
What is an infant?
1 month to 1 year in age
When does the ear begin to develop?
3rd week of embryonic life
When are the external ear and middle ear initiated?
4th week (with the formation of the branchial arches)
Become recognizable by week 8
When do the structures of the inner ear mature?
Weeks 20 to 26
When does the auditory nerve hook up to the cochlea?
24 to 26 weeks
Does neural maturation continue for many years after birth?
Yes
When does the auditory system become functional?
Around 25 weeks gestation
Developing during first 20 weeks
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 0 to 4 months?
Moro reflex
Eye blinking or widening
Sucking
Startle when loud noise
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 4 to 7 months?
Head lateral turn towards sound source
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 7 to 9 months?
Good lateral localization skills or downward
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 9 to 13 months?
Sound localization in all directions
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens at 13+ months?
Excellent localization, child can also be distracted easily
If children do not have access to sound and incidental learning, do they fall behind in language learning?
Yes
Want to maximize incidental learning
What is absolute auditory sensitivity?
Ability to detect a sound in quiet
Do developmental improvements in absolute sensitivity mature equally at all frequencies?
No
Higher frequencies mature more rapidly (threshold decreases as auditory system matures)
Absolute sensitivity does not reach adult levels until about 10 years of age at all frequencies
Do 6 month-olds have adult-like frequency resolution at all frequencies?
Yes
What is the frequency resolution for 3-month-olds?
Mature frequency resolution at 500 and 1000 Hz, but had poorer resolution than adults and older infants at 4000 Hz
When does intensity discrimination develop?
Variable performance by 6 months
Consistent an good at 12 months
Decreases from 3 dB to 1 to 2 dB at 6 years
Can a 7-month old hear complex pitch like adults?
Yes
What size of gaps can adults detect?
As short as 3 ms
Can infants up to 12-months-old detect gaps?
Can not detect them shorter than about 30 ms
What are the gap detection abilities by preschool?
Improved to about 12 ms at 2000 Hz
Appears to be mature at 6 years
Is spatial hearing in infants and young children good?
Not as good as adults
When do children have spatial hearing as good as adults?
5 years old
Do preschoolers and school-aged children require a higher SNR than adults?
Yes, they need that to achieve similar levels of performance on speech recognition tests
Do children with hearing loss babble?
They babble similarly to those with normal hearing until 6 months
Less babbling as they grow older
Rate of babbling can increase if parents speak to them
Is babbling more affected with those with severe hearing loss compared to mild or moderate?
Yes
Babbling of moderately impaired infants if closer to normal
Do Deaf infants and toddlers master sign language in the same way and at the same pace as hearing children master spoken language?
Yes
Do Deaf infants often babble in ASL?
Yes
