Types of Propaganda and Political Fallacies Flashcards
What is Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?
Assumes that if one event follows another, the first event must have caused the second.
What is Hasty Generalization?
Makes a broad statement based on limited or unrepresentative evidence.
What is Appeal to Ignorance (Ad Ignorantiam)?
Argues that something must be true because it hasn’t been proven false, or vice versa.
What is Circular Reasoning (Begging the Question)?
Uses the conclusion as a premise in the argument, essentially repeating the claim.
What is Ad Hominem?
Attacks the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself.
What is Slippery Slope?
Argues that a small step will inevitably lead to extreme and undesirable consequences.
What is False Dichotomy (False Dilemma)?
Presents only two options as the only possibilities, ignoring other alternatives.
What is Appeal to Popularity (Bandwagon Fallacy)?
Assumes something is true or right because it’s popular.
What is Tu Quoque (You Too Fallacy)?
Discredits the argument by pointing out that the person making it is inconsistent.
What is Straw Man?
Misrepresents someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
What is False Cause?
Assumes a causal relationship between two events just because one follows the other.
What is Appeal to Emotion?
Uses emotional manipulation to persuade, rather than logical reasoning.
What is False Cause (duplicate)?
Mistakes correlation for causation or claims a cause-and-effect relationship without evidence.
What is Name-Calling?
Uses negative labels or terms to create a bad impression of someone or something.
What is a Testimonial?
Uses the endorsement of a respected or famous person to support a product or idea.
What is bandwagon?
Encourages people to follow the crowd and do something because “everyone else is doing it.”
What is glittering generalities?
Uses vague, emotionally appealing terms that sound good but have little concrete meaning.
What is transfer?
Associates a person, product, or idea with something respected or revered to gain approval.
What is fear appeal?
Appeals to people’s emotions by creating fear or anxiety about a situation to motivate action
What is snob appeal?
Encourages people to feel special by suggesting they are part of an exclusive group.
What is plain folks?
Makes someone or something seem relatable and ordinary by using everyday language and situations.
What is Card Stacking?
Selectively presenting only positive information and omitting negative details.
What is oversimplification?
Presents a complex idea in simple terms but leaves out important details to make it sound better than it is.
What is Red Herring?
Distracts from the real issue by introducing irrelevant topics or issues.
