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Computer Science > Types of Programming Language > Flashcards

Types of Programming Language Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a paradigm

A

a way of looking / thinking about something
- a standard
- a certain perspective
- a set of ideas

A new paradigm in business could mean a new way of reaching customers and making money

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2
Q

what is a programming paradigm

A

a certain approach we might have to programming

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3
Q

Which assembly language mnemonic is used to branch if the accumulator is greater than or equal to zero?

A

BRP

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4
Q

Which assembly language command will always change the value in the program counter?

A

BRA

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5
Q

Which assembly language mnemonic is used to subtract a variable from the accumulator?

A

SUB

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6
Q

Which of these is a feature of object orientated programming languages?
Select the most appropriate answer.

Programs are structured into procedures and/or functions

Uses symbolic address as labels to reference locations of data in memory

Commands have a one-to-one relationship with machine code

Programs are structured into classes, methods and instances

A

Programs are structured into classes, methods and instances

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7
Q

What keyword should be placed before an attribute or method in pseudocode if we want to make sure it can be accessed by other objects?

A

PUBLIC

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8
Q

Which of these is a feature of a low level programming language?
Select the most appropriate answer.

Source code is easier to write

Large number of instructions

Translates to many different machine types

Source code is harder to write

A

Source code is harder to write

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9
Q

What does this line of object orientated pseudo-code do?
CLASS teacher INHERITS Person

A

Creates a new subclass called teacher which inherits from the person class

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10
Q

Which is the correct definition of ‘direct addressing’?
Select the most appropriate answer.

The operand is an address to a memory location containing an address
The address is the base address plus the value in the index register
The operand is a value to be used by the instruction
The operand is the address to use by the instruction

A

the operand is the address to use by the instruction

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11
Q

indexed addressing

A

modifies the address by the addition of a number held in the index register

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12
Q

object

A

an instance of class

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13
Q

subclass

A

a class that extends another class. the subclass inherits the methods and attributes of the class it extends

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14
Q

method

A

a subroutine contained within a class / object designed to perform a particular task on the data within the object

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15
Q

superclass

A

a class that has been extended by another class

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16
Q

attribute

A

a single item of data within a record or object

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17
Q

define low level language (2 marks)

A

a language which is close to machine code

one mnemonic translates to one machine code instruction

a language that is most suited to the machine architecture

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18
Q

state three advantages of programs written in Assembly language (3 marks)

A

one to one relationship with machine code

can make use of special machine-dependent instructions
e.g. in the instruction set for the chip

translated program requires less memory

code can execute more quickly

easier to optimise

can work directly on memory locations

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19
Q

explain inheritance

A

a class has all the attributes and operations/methods …

…of its superclass…

…and may also have attributes and operations/methods of its own

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20
Q

class

A

a class is a type definition

a class has attributes and methods

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21
Q

A product manager at ‘Better Solutions Ltd’ oversees a team of developers who program in both high-level and low-level languages.

Justify why the team may sometimes choose to write programs in either a high-level or low-level language. (6 marks)

A

high-level language
- easier to learn / understand code …
- programs can often be developed faster
- programs are prone to less errors / bugs
- programs are easier to debug / maintain / improve
- easier to find programmers who specialise in high-level language
- some high-level languages are specifically designed to solve certain types of problems

low-level language
- code is optimised for a specific architecture
- code can execute extremely fast
- the assembled code occupies less space in the memory than the machine code equivalent produced by a high level complier
- individual statements are able to manipulate / control specific hardware components

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22
Q

types of programming paradigms

A

object-oriented programming (OOP)
imperative programming
declarative programming
procedural programming

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23
Q

where do all these paradigms come from

A

high level language
assembly language
machine code

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24
Q

low-level vs high-level languages diagram

A

HLL OO & visual languages
HLL HL language: C, Fortran, Pascal
LLL assembly language
LLL machine language
LLL hardware

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25
Q

high level language

A

uses more human readable statements and constructs

each line of code will translate to multiple lines of machine code

uses an assembler or complier to translate into machine code

much more complex and further abstracted from machine code

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26
Q

assembly language

A

uses short codes called mnemonics e.g. ADD, R1, R2 or INP X

for each mnemonic there is one sequence of 1s and 0s

they are slightly more abstracted and easier to read / write

an assembler is used to translate from assembly language to machine code

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27
Q

machine code

A

we use 1s and 0s to represent the electrical signals within the computer

it’s the closest to what is happening on the computer which makes it the least abstract

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28
Q

types of high level languages

A

imperative
- focus is on describing how a program operates
- made up of statements that will change the programs state using sequence, selection and iteration

declarative
- focuses on WHAT the program should accomplish

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29
Q

examples of declarative

A

logic
functional

30
Q

examples of imperative

A

object oriented
procedural

31
Q

imperative high level languages

A

object oriented
- looking at the word as objects which have attributes and methods
example: car or plane or person

procedural
- programs are built from one or more subroutines

32
Q

Procedural VS OOP features

A

procedural - uses sequences, selection and iteration

OOP - uses sequence, selection and iteration BUT also have inheritance, objects, classes and encapsulation

33
Q

Procedural VS OOP data

A

procedural - data is stored in local or global variables and passed using parameters to other parts of the program

OOP - data can be private to each object, stored in attributes which are retrieved and changed through methods. this concept is encapsulation

34
Q

procedural VS OOP program structure

A

procedural - procedures and functions

OOP - classes, methods and instances

35
Q

Procedural VS OOP program logic

A

Procedural - program flows through calls to procedures and functions

OOP - objects are created and the objects methods are called when they are needed. Objects interact with other objects whilst the program is still running

36
Q

why do we need different programming paradigms

A

different problems need different approaches

a 3D game for example will be better suited to OOP as the character, enemies, obstacles, backgrounds etc can be different objects

simple quizzes might be suited to procedural languages as OOP would add extra complexity

37
Q

which paradigm for making a mario cart

A

OOP

38
Q

which paradigm for creating a quiz

A

procedural

39
Q

what paradigm for designing a website

A

declarative - HTML

40
Q

what paradigm for querying a database

A

Declarative - SQL

41
Q

features of procedural programming

A

program control and flow
pre-defined functions
- sequence
- selection
- iteration
local variables
global variables
modularity
- procedures
- functions
passing parameters

42
Q

procedural programming

A

the language tells the computer what to do by giving step by step instructions

features of procedural languages: sequence, selection and iteration

code is created in a modular way: Procedure and functions

43
Q

global variables

A

global variables can be seen in the whole program, every function and procedure

44
Q

local variables

A

local variables will only be able to be seen in their function on procedure. This is called the SCOPE of the variable

45
Q

passing parameters

A

sum (a, b)

public static int sum (int start, int end)
{
int s;
s = 0;
for (int i = start; i <= end; i++)
s += i;
return s;
}

a and b are arguments
they are passed to parameter variables
this is parameter “passing”
the parameter variables are int start and int end
a is passed into int start
b is passed into int end

46
Q

assembly language - low level language

A

the first languages were machine code languages where the programmers entered binary combinations

very difficult to read and write

it would be easier to have readable words

lead to the development of assembly languages which use mnemonics - simple letter codes like ADD, SUB, LDA

there is a one-to-one relationship with the mnemonics and the binary instruction

the mnemonics are specific to the machines CPU e.g. Intel, ARM, AMD, Qualcomm etc. They are non portable

47
Q

assembler

A

used to translate the assembly code into machine code

48
Q

the instructions is broken up into two parts …

A

opcode and operand

49
Q

opcode

A

this is the action to be performed e.g. ADD, LOAD

50
Q

operand

A

this is the data or address for the opcode to act on e.g. it could be loading data from an address OR it could be data to add

51
Q

advantages of machine code and assembly language

A

assembly language is quick to execute as each mnemonic maps onto one machine code

can access system features without a separate interface, which would add more time

very powerful as you are interacting directly with the machine. You’re in control without any extra features a high level language might not do

smaller programs - require less memory

52
Q

disadvantages of machine code and assembly language

A

each code is dependant on the machine

hard to code and time consuming

bug prone as there are no debugging features

hard to understand

need good understanding of hardware

53
Q

why are assembly languages used for embedded systems

A

have limited number of tasks

size restriction with limited resources e.g. storage and cooling

program needs to make efficient use of the processor, storage and power

assembly languages can create optimised programs and efficient

54
Q

why are assembly languages used for device drivers

A

device drivers need to interact with peripherals

they need them to perform in a specific way

assembly languages allow for precise control of hardware

the programs run quickly and are efficient

55
Q

mnemonic > instruction (alternative mnemonics accepted) (there’s 11)

A

ADD > Add
SUB > Subtract
STA > Store (STO)
LDA > Load (LOAD)
BRA > Branch always (BR)
BRZ > Branch if zero (BZ)
BRP > Branch if positive (BP)
INP > Input (IN, INPUT)
OUT > Output
HLT > End program (COB, END)
DAT > Data location

56
Q

what are the simple letter codes used in assmebly langauge

A

mnemonics

57
Q

what converts assembly langauge to machine code?

A

assembler

58
Q

memory addresses

A

The CPU accesses addressed locations in main memory.
there are different modes locations can be addressed

59
Q

modes of addressing memory

A

immediate
direct
indirect
indexed

60
Q

immediate addressing

A

ADD 10 0001 1010
take the following instruction above
the 0001 would mean ADD on the instruction set
the operand part would actually mean the value NOT address
The value here in denary is
8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0
so 8+2 = 10
The actual instruction is ADD 10
The operand specifies a value. This value will be used in the operation

61
Q

direct addressing

A

ADD 10 0001 1010
take the following instruction above

the operand part would actually mean the address of the value to use
we know 1010 = 10 as 8 + 2 is 10
we would go to the address in memory and add the value inside it
the address 1010 in RAM is 0000 1110 so we add the value
In this case it’s
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
so 8 + 4 + 2 = 14

the operand specifies the address of a memory location. The contents of this memory location will be used in the operation

62
Q

indirect addressing

A

ADD 10 0001 1010
take the following instruction above

the operand specifies the address of a memory location which holds the address of another memory location. the contents of the second location will be used in the operation

we know 1010 is the 10th address in RAM and it is 0000 1110, we know the denary value of that 8 digit code is 14 so we go to address 14 and use the value there
address 14 = 1010 1001

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
so 128 + 32 + 8 + 1 = 169

63
Q

indirect addressing - whats the point

A

it means we can address MORE locations

64
Q

indexed addressing

A

COME BACK TO IT**

65
Q

write psuedocode for the following class

Node

Attributes
Data (string)

Methods
getData()
setData()

A

Class Node{
private data;

public procedure new(string d){
	data = d;
}

public void setData(string newData){
	data = newData;
}
public string getData(){
	return data
} }
66
Q

instantiate a new object called listItem with the data “Banana”

A

Class Node{
private data;

public procedure new(string d){
	data = d;
}

public void setData(string newData){
	data = newData;
}
public string getData(){
	return data
} }

listItem = new Node(“Banana”)

67
Q

which address mode allows you to access more addresses in memory

A

Indirect: The operand specifies the address of a memorylocation which holds the address of anothermemory location. The contents of the secondlocation will be used in theoperation.​

68
Q

Which address mode is used for applying the same instructions over an array?

A

Indexed: The operand specifies the address of a memory location.The contents of the index register, which is a dedicatedregister in the CPU, will be added to the address todetermine a second address. The contents of the secondlocation will be used in the operation.​

69
Q

what are the two other address modes

A

Immediate: The operand specifies a value. This valuewill be used in the operation.

Direct: The operand specifies the address of a memorylocation. The contents of this memory locationwill be used in the operation.

70
Q

inheritance with badger class

A

Badger

Attributes
Name: String
Age: Integer
isMale: Boolean
Colour: String

Methods
getName()
setName()
getAge()
setAge()
getGender()
setGender()
getColour()
setColour()

This is a badger class
It’s very generic and doesn’t fit
We can use Inheritance to reuse the code (the attributes and methods) from the badger class and make a more specific class for either a Honey badger or European badger or American badger.
This doesn’t affect the original badger class, just extends from it

Both the Honey Badger and European Badger inherit the attributes and methods from the Badger class. They can also add their specific attributes and methods

Badger is know as the parent class and the Honey Badger and European Badger is known as the child classes. They can still access the attributes and methods from their parent class

If you want a inherited method to do something different to the parent class, you can override it in the child class

PARENT CLASS
Public string getName(){
Return name
}

CHILD CLASS
Public string getName(){
Return ”I am +” name + “a honey badger”
}

OR

Public string getName(){
Return ”I am +” name + “a European badger”
}

If I want to use the overridden method you would write:
hBadger.getName()

If you want to use the super class method you would write:
hBadger.super.getName()

Computer Science (8 decks)

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