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Neoplasia > Types of Neoplasia > Flashcards

Types of Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Glandular Malignant Epithelial Tumor

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2
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Squamous Cell Malignant Epithelial Tumor

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3
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor of the fibroblasts (Fibrous Connective Tissue)

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4
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor of cartilage-derived cells.

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5
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor of osteoblast-derived cells. (Primary Bone Cancer)

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6
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant tumor involving Lymphoid Cells. Usually has enlarged lymph nodes.

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7
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignancy of Blood Cells derived from bone marrow.

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8
Q

Pleomorphic Adenoma

A

A mixture of epithelial & stromal (myoepithelial) elements usually arising in the Parotid gland. Patients will be middle age or older, as opposed to Burkitt’s Lymphoma, where the pt will be young. Can also occur in submandibular or other salivary glands. It is a slow growing tumor that should be removed, a possible complication of surgery is CN VII damage.

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9
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumors representing more than 1 germ layer. Usually has endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Contains hair, sebaceous material

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10
Q

Mature Teratoma

A

A mature harmless cystic species. Arises from ovary. Seen in young women, bilateral in 10% of cases.

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11
Q

Immature Teratoma

A

Malignant, contains embryonal tissue. Rare, usually in prepubertal adolescents. Graded based on neuroepithelium

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12
Q

Choristoma

A

Ectopic Rests in normal tissue. (e.g. pancreatic tissue in stomach wall, or gastric mucosa in Meckel’s diverticulum

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13
Q

Hamartoma

A

Mass of disorganized, but mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to that site. Benign! Abnormal formation of normal tissue

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14
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of fat cells in deep soft tissue

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15
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

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16
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

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17
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of Differentiation

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18
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variation in size and shape of cells/nuclei

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19
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Tumor cells have proliferated throughout entire epithelial layer, but have not invaded past the basement membrane.

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20
Q

Leiomyoma Uterus

A

Benign tumor arising from smooth muscle. It is hormone dependent, and tends to lead to multiple tumors. These tumors grow very fast during pregnancy, and they may atrophy after menopause

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21
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign unencapsulated tumor

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22
Q

Malignant tumors that do not metastasize

A

Gliomas and Basal Cell Carcinomas

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23
Q

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

A

A buildup of mucin or gelatinous ascites throughout the peritoneum caused by appendiceal or ovarian tumor.

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24
Q

Tumors that spread via subarachnoid space

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, and Glioblastoma Multiforme

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25
Q

Vertebral Metastases

A

In older men, metastases from carcinoma thyroid or carcinoma prostate.

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26
Q

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

A

Mutation of APC Tumor suppressor gene causing hundreds of benign polyps.

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27
Q

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

A

Germ Line p53 mutation causing all sorts of cancers

28
Q

MEN-1/2

A

Mutation in RET causing Thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal tumors

29
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Germline mutation of RB tumor suppressor gene. Causes bilateral retinoblastoma of the eyes. Risk of osteogenic sarcoma

30
Q

What cancer is predisposed due to mutations of p16INK4a?

A

Melanoma

31
Q

Solar Keratosis of the Skin

A

Predisposition for Squamous Cell Carcinoma

32
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Predisposition for Atrophic Gastritis of Stomach –> Precursor for Malignancy

33
Q

Sjorgen Syndrome

A

Predisposition for MALT Lymphoma

34
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

Predisposition for MALT Lymphoma

35
Q

Atypical hyperplasia of ductal epithelium

A

Precursor for Breast Malignancy

36
Q

Leukoplakia of the oral cavity, vulva, and penis

A

Precursor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma

37
Q

Chronic irritation of sinus orriface (osteomyelitis)

A

Precursor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma

38
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus (columnar metaplasia)

A

Precursor for Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

39
Q

Dysplastic Nevus

A

Benign precursor for Malignant Melanoma

40
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

A

Prescursor for AML

41
Q

Regenerative Nodules in cirrhosis

A

Precursor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

42
Q

Villous adenoma rectum

A

Precursor for Adenocarcinoma

43
Q

Complete hydatidiform mole

A

Precursor for Choriocarcinoma

44
Q

Endometrial Hyperplasia

A

Precursor for Adenocarcinoma Endometrium

45
Q

Scar tissue of the lung (i.e. from old tuberculosis lesion)

A

Adenocarcinoma

46
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Can cause non-caseated Granulomas

47
Q

c-KIT mutation

A

point mutation of cytokine receptor is associated with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)

48
Q

RET protooncogene mutation

A

Point mutation of REceptor Tyrosine Kinase that is seen in inherited types of MEN2A and MEN2B as well as Familial Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid. It is expressed in neuroendocrine cells and parafollicular C cells of the Thyroid

49
Q

Point Mutation of FLT3

A

Seen in Myeloid Leukemias

50
Q

Overexpression of ERB B1/EGFR

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase overexpressed in 80% of squamous cell carcinomas, as well as glioblastoma multiforme

51
Q

Her-2/Neu (ERB B2) Amplification

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase seen in 25% of all breast cancers (usually the more aggressive types)

52
Q

Keratinous Pearl

A

Seen in Squamous Cell Carcinoma

53
Q

K-RAS mutation

A

Point mutation seen in 90% of pancreatic & cholangiocarcinomas. Also seen in colon, endometrial, thyroid, and lung adenocarcinomas

54
Q

H-RAS mutation

A

Point mutation seen in bladder and kidney cancers

55
Q

N-RAS mutation

A

Point mutation seen in melanomas and leukemias. (Think L-M-N)

56
Q

ABL Translocation

A

Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase is overexpressed, as Chr 9 and 22 are translocated (Philadelphia Chromosome). Causes 95% of CML cases, and 25-30% of adult ALL cases

57
Q

BRAF mutation

A

Point mutation affecting RAS signal transduction. Associated with melanomas

58
Q

B-Catenin mutation

A

Point mutation or overexpression alterring WNT signal transduction. Associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma

59
Q

C-MYC overexpression

A

Associated with Burkitt’s Lymphoma. Helps to bypass checkpoints in the cell cycle

60
Q

N-MYC

A

Amplification is associated with neuroblastoma and Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung

61
Q

L-MYC

A

Amplification is associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung

62
Q

Cyclin D

A

Translocated in Mantle Cell Carcinoma, Amplified in breast and esophageal cancers, overexpressed in breast cancers.

63
Q

p16

A

Germline mutation is often noted in melanomas, while acquired deletion or inactivation is noted in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

64
Q

Cyclin E

A

Overexpressed in Breast Cancers

65
Q

CDK4

A

Amplification or point mutation in glioblastoma, melanoma, and sarcomas.

66
Q

RB

A

Tumor suppressor that blocks progression to S phase when hypophosphorylated. Causes Retinoblastoma. Bilateral retinoblastoma in inherited cases. Sporadic mutations noted in glioblastoma small cell carcinoma of the lung, breast cancer and bladder cancer.

67
Q

p53

A

Tumor Suppressor that causes cell-cycle arrest/apoptosis

Neoplasia (1 decks)

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