Types of Neoplasia Flashcards
Adenocarcinoma
Glandular Malignant Epithelial Tumor
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Malignant Epithelial Tumor
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor of the fibroblasts (Fibrous Connective Tissue)
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor of cartilage-derived cells.
Osteosarcoma
Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor of osteoblast-derived cells. (Primary Bone Cancer)
Lymphoma
Malignant tumor involving Lymphoid Cells. Usually has enlarged lymph nodes.
Leukemia
Malignancy of Blood Cells derived from bone marrow.
Pleomorphic Adenoma
A mixture of epithelial & stromal (myoepithelial) elements usually arising in the Parotid gland. Patients will be middle age or older, as opposed to Burkitt’s Lymphoma, where the pt will be young. Can also occur in submandibular or other salivary glands. It is a slow growing tumor that should be removed, a possible complication of surgery is CN VII damage.
Teratoma
Tumors representing more than 1 germ layer. Usually has endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Contains hair, sebaceous material
Mature Teratoma
A mature harmless cystic species. Arises from ovary. Seen in young women, bilateral in 10% of cases.
Immature Teratoma
Malignant, contains embryonal tissue. Rare, usually in prepubertal adolescents. Graded based on neuroepithelium
Choristoma
Ectopic Rests in normal tissue. (e.g. pancreatic tissue in stomach wall, or gastric mucosa in Meckel’s diverticulum
Hamartoma
Mass of disorganized, but mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to that site. Benign! Abnormal formation of normal tissue
Liposarcoma
Malignant tumor of fat cells in deep soft tissue
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of smooth muscle
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
Anaplasia
Lack of Differentiation
Pleomorphism
Variation in size and shape of cells/nuclei
Carcinoma in situ
Tumor cells have proliferated throughout entire epithelial layer, but have not invaded past the basement membrane.
Leiomyoma Uterus
Benign tumor arising from smooth muscle. It is hormone dependent, and tends to lead to multiple tumors. These tumors grow very fast during pregnancy, and they may atrophy after menopause
Hemangioma
Benign unencapsulated tumor
Malignant tumors that do not metastasize
Gliomas and Basal Cell Carcinomas
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
A buildup of mucin or gelatinous ascites throughout the peritoneum caused by appendiceal or ovarian tumor.
Tumors that spread via subarachnoid space
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, and Glioblastoma Multiforme
Vertebral Metastases
In older men, metastases from carcinoma thyroid or carcinoma prostate.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Mutation of APC Tumor suppressor gene causing hundreds of benign polyps.
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Germ Line p53 mutation causing all sorts of cancers
MEN-1/2
Mutation in RET causing Thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal tumors
Retinoblastoma
Germline mutation of RB tumor suppressor gene. Causes bilateral retinoblastoma of the eyes. Risk of osteogenic sarcoma
What cancer is predisposed due to mutations of p16INK4a?
Melanoma
Solar Keratosis of the Skin
Predisposition for Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Pernicious Anemia
Predisposition for Atrophic Gastritis of Stomach –> Precursor for Malignancy
Sjorgen Syndrome
Predisposition for MALT Lymphoma
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Predisposition for MALT Lymphoma
Atypical hyperplasia of ductal epithelium
Precursor for Breast Malignancy
Leukoplakia of the oral cavity, vulva, and penis
Precursor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Chronic irritation of sinus orriface (osteomyelitis)
Precursor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Barrett’s Esophagus (columnar metaplasia)
Precursor for Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
Dysplastic Nevus
Benign precursor for Malignant Melanoma
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Prescursor for AML
Regenerative Nodules in cirrhosis
Precursor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Villous adenoma rectum
Precursor for Adenocarcinoma
Complete hydatidiform mole
Precursor for Choriocarcinoma
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Precursor for Adenocarcinoma Endometrium
Scar tissue of the lung (i.e. from old tuberculosis lesion)
Adenocarcinoma
Crohn’s Disease
Can cause non-caseated Granulomas
c-KIT mutation
point mutation of cytokine receptor is associated with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
RET protooncogene mutation
Point mutation of REceptor Tyrosine Kinase that is seen in inherited types of MEN2A and MEN2B as well as Familial Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid. It is expressed in neuroendocrine cells and parafollicular C cells of the Thyroid
Point Mutation of FLT3
Seen in Myeloid Leukemias
Overexpression of ERB B1/EGFR
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase overexpressed in 80% of squamous cell carcinomas, as well as glioblastoma multiforme
Her-2/Neu (ERB B2) Amplification
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase seen in 25% of all breast cancers (usually the more aggressive types)
Keratinous Pearl
Seen in Squamous Cell Carcinoma
K-RAS mutation
Point mutation seen in 90% of pancreatic & cholangiocarcinomas. Also seen in colon, endometrial, thyroid, and lung adenocarcinomas
H-RAS mutation
Point mutation seen in bladder and kidney cancers
N-RAS mutation
Point mutation seen in melanomas and leukemias. (Think L-M-N)
ABL Translocation
Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase is overexpressed, as Chr 9 and 22 are translocated (Philadelphia Chromosome). Causes 95% of CML cases, and 25-30% of adult ALL cases
BRAF mutation
Point mutation affecting RAS signal transduction. Associated with melanomas
B-Catenin mutation
Point mutation or overexpression alterring WNT signal transduction. Associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma
C-MYC overexpression
Associated with Burkitt’s Lymphoma. Helps to bypass checkpoints in the cell cycle
N-MYC
Amplification is associated with neuroblastoma and Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung
L-MYC
Amplification is associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung
Cyclin D
Translocated in Mantle Cell Carcinoma, Amplified in breast and esophageal cancers, overexpressed in breast cancers.
p16
Germline mutation is often noted in melanomas, while acquired deletion or inactivation is noted in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Cyclin E
Overexpressed in Breast Cancers
CDK4
Amplification or point mutation in glioblastoma, melanoma, and sarcomas.
RB
Tumor suppressor that blocks progression to S phase when hypophosphorylated. Causes Retinoblastoma. Bilateral retinoblastoma in inherited cases. Sporadic mutations noted in glioblastoma small cell carcinoma of the lung, breast cancer and bladder cancer.
p53
Tumor Suppressor that causes cell-cycle arrest/apoptosis
