Types of models

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

1) According to target variables

2) According to model technic

Question 2

1) According to target variables

Answer 2

a. Rainfall-Runoff-Models
b. . Water balance models
c. Ecohydrological models

Question 3

1a) Rainfall-Runoff-Models

Answer 3

Application areas:
 Design floods (spillways, flood control reservoirs, cross section flows, input for hydraulic models, etc.)
 Planning and impact analysis: land use, climate impact, reservoir management options, etc.
 Real time forecast of floods for control (e.g. polder flooding, reservoir release) and forewarning

Typical models:
 HBV-Model (Lindström et al., 1997)
 Model HEC-HMS (Feldmann, 2000)
 Model NASIM (Hydrotec, 2003)
 TOPMODEL (Beven et al., 1995)

Question 4

1b) Water balance models

Answer 4

Application areas:
 Assessment of water availability from surface and ground water
 Agricultural planning (e.g. irrigation)
 Land use and climate change impacts
 Boundary condition for ground water models
 Basis for ecohydrological models

Typical models:
 Model ARC-EGMO (Becker et al., 2002)
 Model WASIM-ETH (Schulla, 1997)
 HBV-Model (Lindström et al., 1997)

Question 5

1c) Ecohydrological models

Answer 5

Application areas:
 Assessment of diffuse pollution (nitrogen, phosphorous,
pesticides, heavy metals, etc.) in ground and surface waters
 Estimation of erosion and sediment transport
 Agricultural planning (yields, crop rotations, fertilisation)
 Impact analysis (climate and land use change)

Typical models:
• SWIM (Krysanova et al., 1998)
• SWAT (Arnold et al., 1998),
• HERMES (Kersebaum, 1995)
• CANDY (Franko et al., 1995)

Question 6

Other models (with hydrological components)

Answer 6

 Operational flood forecasting models
 Rainfall models
 Ground water models
 River hydraulic models
 River water quality models
 Climate models (GCM, RCM)
 Vegetation models
 Urban drainage models
 Water Resources Management models

Question 7

2) According to model technic

[table page 14]

Answer 7

Account to:

1. Principle
2. Degree of determination
3. Lineartity
4. Spatial Structure
5. Temporal structure