Types Of MAGNETOPHARMACEUTICAL contrast

Question 1

2 types of Magnetopharmaceutical Contrast

Answer 1

Positive & Negative Contrast Agent

Question 2

• cause a reduction in the T1 relaxation time they are typically small molecular weight compounds containing as their active element
  Gadolinium, Manganese, or Iron all of these elements have unpaired
  Electron spins in their outer shells and long relativities.

Answer 2

Positive contrast agent

Question 3

-are small particulate aggregates often termed superparamagnetic

iron oxide (SPIO). These agents produce predominantly spin relaxation effect (LOCAL FIELDINHOMOGENETIES). Which results in shorter T1 and T2 relaxation time.

Answer 3

Negative contrast agent

Question 4

Adverse reactions of contrast agent (+)

headache (%)
• injection site coldness (%)
injection site pain or burning (%)
• nausea (%)

• For Negative Contrast has no report of reactions but the only disadvantage is it is not widely used in the market (costly)

Answer 4

6.5
3.6
2.5
1.9

Question 5

Oldest agent (FDA approved 1988) with historically largest world-wide market share and clinical experience; below average relaxivity; probable Trisk NSF

Answer 5

Brand Name: Magnevist
Chemical Name: gadopentetate ( Gd-DTPA)
Stucture: linear ionic

Question 6

Highest relaxivity of all extracellular gadolinium agents due to an
protein binding: 3-5% hepatocyte uptake; competitive inhibitor for
CMOAT drugs (tamoxifen, methotrexate, cisplatin); QT prolongation

Answer 6

Brand Name:MultiHance
Chemical Name: gadobenate ( Gd-BOPTA)
Stucture: linear ionic

Question 7

Low thermodynamic stability, disproportionately Trisk NSF; may interfere with serum Ca” measurements

Answer 7

Brand Name: Omniscan
Chemical Name: gadodiamide ( Gd-DTPA-BMA)
Stucture: linear nonionic

Question 8

Low thermodynamic stability; probable Trisk NSF; may interfere with measurements of serum Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn

Answer 8

Brand Name: Optimark
Chemical Name: gadoversetamide ( Gd-DTPA-BMEA)
Stucture: Linear nonionic

Question 9

One of oldest agents with largest market share in Europe; most recent
Entry (2013) into US market

Answer 9

Brand Name: Dotarem
Chemical Name: gadoterate ( Gd-DOTA)
Stucture: macrocyclic ionic

Question 10

Lowest osmolality and viscosity of all agents; below average relaxivity

Answer 10

Brand Name:ProHance
Chemical Name: gadoteridol ( Gd-HP-D03A)
Stucture: macrocyclic nonionic

Question 11

Highest viscosity due to 1.0M formulation (all others 0.5M); above
average relaxivity, marketed as Gadovist outside the US

Answer 11

Brand Name: Gadavist
Chemical Name: gadobutrol ( Gd-BT-DO3A)
Stucture: macrocyclic nonionic

Question 12

Designed for liver imaging: ~50% uptake by hepatocytes after initial extracellular phase; joint renal & biliary excretion; very high relaxivity due to size and transient protein binding: may interfere with serum Fe measurements; QT prolongation

Answer 12

Brand Name: Eovist ( USA) Primovist
Chemical Name: gadoxetate ( Gd-EOB-DTPA)
Stucture: linear ionic

Question 13

Highest relaxivity of any agent due to reversible albumin binding: intended for MRA; steady-state blood pool imaging 20 min-4 hrs after injection; long elimination half-life (16+ hrs); QT prolongation

Answer 13

Brand Name: Ablavar
Chemical Name: gadofosveset ( Gd-DTPA-DCHP) ( MS-325)
Stucture:linear ionic

Question 14

Active element of positive contrast agent

Answer 14

Gd, Manganese, Iron

Question 15

SPIO means

Answer 15

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide