types of LTM

Question 1

What are the different types of LTM

Answer 1

Episodic
Semantic
procedural

Question 2

What is episodic memory
- where in the brain is it stored
- explicit or implicit

Answer 2

Episodic - explicit
. Ability to recall person experiences or events for your life.
. They require a conscious effort.
. They include time stamps about when and where it occurred and often involves emotion
e.g. first day of school

location - associated with the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex

Question 3

What is semantic memory
- where in the brain is it stored
- explicit or implicit

Answer 3

explicit
. Knowledge of facts, concepts and meanings
. requires a conscious effort
. Not time stamped and doesn’t involve personal experience
e.g. knowing London is the capital of England

location - associated with the temporal lobe

Question 4

what is procedural memory
- where in the brain is it stored
- explicit or implicit

Answer 4

implicit
. memory for skills and actions
. Without conscious effort
. Allows us to perform tasks automatically after sufficient practise

location - cerebellum and motor cortex

Question 5

How do you evaluate types of LTM from case studies : the case studies what are they? 1/2 cards

Answer 5

Clive wearing - due to his amnesia his episodic memory was impaired (cant recall personal events) but his procedural memory was intact (could play the piano)
HM - his hippocampus was removed. Lost the ability to form episodic memories but his procedural memory remind functional (could learn a new skill)

Question 6

How do you evaluate types of LTM from case studies : strengths and weaknesses
2/2 cards

Answer 6

strengths - demonstrated that the types of memory are stored in different areas of the brain supporting Tulving’s theory of separate LTM stores
weaknesses - lack generalisability since these scenarios are unique. Also brain damage often affects multiple areas of the brain making it difficult to pinpoint specific regions

Question 7

How do you evaluate types of LTM from neuroimaging evidence?
Overview the experiment and the results
1/2 cards

Answer 7

Tulving et al. - participants were asked to perform tasks involving episodic and semantic memory while undergoing PET scans
Episodic tasks activated the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex while semantic tasks activated the temporal lobe

procedural memory is linked to cerebellum and motor cortex as these are involved in motor skills and actions

Question 8

How do you evaluate types of LTM from neuroimaging evidence?
strengths and weaknesses
2/2 cards

Answer 8

strengths - it provides scientific and objective evidence for the physical reality of LTM types. Allows the identification of specific brain regions involved in different types of memory supporting Tulving’s theory
weaknesses - Brain scanning studies are correlational so they do not establish causation.

Question 9

How do you evaluate types of LTM with real life applications? 1/2

Answer 9

• cognitive training - Episodic memory declines with age but semantic stays relatively the same . so inventions have been made to help with older peoples memory
• treatment of amnesia - therapies can focus on retaining procedural memory such as with Clive wearing

Question 10

How do you evaluate the types of LTM with real life applications? strengths and weaknesses
2/2

Answer 10

strengths - demonstrate real- world value of understanding LTM types e.g. understanding procedural memory has led to treatments for amnesia patients so they can retain valuable skills

weaknesses - oversimplifies the memory process and the different LTM types can overlap. initially involves episodic memory to recall training sessions

Question 11

what are implicit and explicit memory’s

Answer 11

Implicit - requires no conscious recall (procedural memories)

explicit - requires conscious recall (episodic and semantic memory)