Types of LTM

Question 1

What is an explicit LTM? +examples

Answer 1

Recalled only if conciously thought about and are often formed from severeal combined memories
- episodic and semantic

Question 2

What is an implicit LTM? +example

Answer 2

Don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.
-procedural

Question 3

Episodic LTM (explicit): explanation

Answer 3

The collection of past personal experiences that occured at a particular time and place e.g remembering your birthday. First suggested by Tulving in 1972. Is influenced by emotions present at the time of the memory being coded, and it helps individuas distinguish the difference between real events and imagination.

Question 4

Semantic LTM (explicit): explanation

Answer 4

Contains all knowledge an individual has learned in their lifespan such as facts and concepts e.g the alphabet. Linked to episodic as new knowledge tends to learned from experiences, howver will be gradual move from episodid to semantic memory with knowledge becoming increasingly divorced from event it was learned from.

Question 5

Procedural LTM (implicit)

Answer 5

A long term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, such as driving a car. These memories can be recalled without making a conscious or deliberate effort.

Question 6

Types of LTM: evaluation: Strength 1

Answer 6

There is clinical evidence, such as case studies of Clive Wearing. Their episodic memory was severely impaired due to amnesia.He struggled to recall past events but his semantic memory was somewhat unaffected e.g they still understood the meaning of words.Their procedural memories were also intact e.g they knew how to read.This evidence supports Tulving’s view about the different types of memory store in the LTM as when one store is damaged the others are unaffected,which also shows that they are stored in different parts of the brain

Question 7

Types of LTM: evaluation: Strength 2

Answer 7

There is evidence from brain scan studies that the different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain.Tulving et al (1994) got their participants to complete memory tasks as their brains were being scanned using a PET scanner.It showed that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area called the prefrontal cortex which is divided into two (left and right hemisphere).left -semantic memories.right-episodic memories.

Question 8

Types of LTM: evaluation: Limitation 1

Answer 8

Cohen and Squire(1980) disagree with the division of the LTM into three types.They argued that episodic and semantic memories are stored together in one LTM store (declarative memory).

Question 9

Types of LTM: evaluation: Limitation 2

Answer 9

A lack of resesarch to inform us which brain areas are involved in procedural memory.This lack of procedural research reduces support for aspects of Tulving’s concept.