Types of long-term memory Flashcards
what 3 types of LTM stores did Tulving propose?
Tulving Against MSM view of LTM argued it was too simplistic & inflexible
instead proposed 3 LTM stores:
* Episodic memory
* Semantic memory
* Procedural memory
define episodic memory
Declarative-explicit memory
Explicit memory means consciously recalled(explicit) & can be put into words( declarative)
LTM for recalling personal events from our lives
e.g. recent visit to dentist
Memories are complex
episodic memories are ‘time stamped’-remember when they happended & what happended
episodic memory store info about how events relate to eachother
our memory of a single episode will include many elements -ppl & places,objects & behaviours
>need to make conscious effort to recall hence explcit-declarative memory
Define semantic memory
Declarative-explicit memory
explicit means consciously recalled(explicit) & can be put into words(declarative)
LTM store -contains shared knowledge of the world
facts, meanings, concepts
e.g a bike has 2 wheels
memories not time-stamped-may not recall when learnt/encoded
less personal & more about facts
resistant to forgetting
Declarative
Define Procedural memory
Non declarative-implicit memory
Implicit memory cannot be consciously recalled(implicit) & difficult to put into words(non declarative)
our LTM for actions & skills
can recall memories without conscious awareness-so perform implicitly-non-declarative
e.g driving a car
very resistant to forgetting
A03
research supporting types of LTM stores-Clive wearing & Henry molaison
Strength
Clive wearing & henry molaison
* episodic memory in both men-impaired due to brain damage
* semantic memories-unaffected as still understood meaning of words
* e.g could not recall stroking dog but concept of dog he knew
* Procedural memories intact-both still know how to walk and speak
CW-knew how to play piano, sing, play music
supports Tulving-there are 3 types of LTM even if one damaged others are not affected
A03 conflicting neuroimaging evidence of LTM-Bucker & Peterson
Limitation
Buckner & Peterson reviewed evidence regarding location of semantic & episodic memory
concluded Semantic Memory located in left side of prefrontal cortex & episodic in right side of prefrontal cortex
other researchers said opposite to this
Challenging neurophysiological evidence to support types of memory-due to poor agreement
A03
Understanding types of LTM allows psychologists to help ppl with memory problems-Belleville
Strength
as ppl age they experience memory loss. Research has shown that this is specific to episodic memory-it becomes harder to recall memories of personal events. Belleville-devised intervention to improve episodic memory in old ppl
thus by distingushing between LTM enables specific treatments to be devloped
A03
Conflciting research of LTM stores-Cohen & squire
2 not 3 LTM stores
Limitation
cohen & squire disagree with Tulvings division of LTM into 3 types
E= they accept that procedural memories represent one type of LTM, non declarative
E= but they argued that episodic & semantic memories are stored together in one LTMs, that they call declarative memories
L= Tulvings theory incomplete exp of LTM as declarative & non declarative distinctions aren’t accounted for
