types of immunity Flashcards
ability to resist damage from foreign
substances.
it can protect against microbes, toxins, and cancer
cells.
IMMUNITY
present at birth
• defense against any pathogen
• accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators,
cells, inflammatory response
INNATE IMMUNITY
First line of defense
• Skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens
and toxins
• Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens and toxins
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
chemicals that can kill microbes
and prevent their entry into cells
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS
found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria
LYSOZYME
prevent entry of microbes
MUCUOS MEMBRANES
promote inflammation by causing vasodilation
HISTAMINE
promote inflammation by causing vasodilation
HISTAMINE
proteins that protect against viral infections by stimulating
surrounding cells to produce antiviral proteins
INTERFERONS
produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
fight foreign substances
WBC
ingest and destroy foreign substances
• Example—neutrophils and macrophages
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
first to respond to infection but die quickly
NEUTROPHILS
produced in red bone marrow
• release chemicals to reduce inflammation
EOSINOPHILS
• made in red bone marrow
• leave blood and enter infected tissues
• can release histamine
BASOPHILS
• initially were monocytes
• leave blood and enter tissues
• can ingest more than neutrophils
• protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in spleen and
liver
• given specific names for certain areas of body (Kupffer
cells in liver)
MACROPHAGES
• made in red bone marrow
• found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract
• can release leukotrienes
MAST CELLS
Natural Killer Cells:
• type of lymphocyte
• produce in red bone marrow
• recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus
infected cells
• release chemicals which lyse cells
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
• involves chemicals and cells produced due to injury
• signaled by presence of foreign substance
• stimulates release of chemical mediators
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
is defense that involves specific
recognition to a specific antigen.
This immunity:
• is acquired after birth
• reacts when innate defenses don’t work
• slower than innate immunity
• has memory
• uses lymphocytes (B and T cells)
• 2 types antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
substance that stimulates an immune response
• Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs
ANTIGEN
• molecule produced by the person’s body that stimulates
an immune system response
SELF ANTIGEN
proteins the body produces in response to an antigen
ANTIBODY
• Live in red bone marrow
• give rise to all blood cells
• give rise to some pre-T cells and pre-B cells
STEM CELLS
• type of white blood cell
• involved in adaptive immunity
• develop from stem cells
• differentiate into specific lymphocytes such as B or T cells
LYMPHOCYTES
• type of lymphocytes
• involved in antibody-mediated immunity
• originate from stem cells
• mature in red bone marrow
• move to lymphatic tissue after mature
• lead to production of antibodies
B CELLS
• type of lymphocyte
• involved primarily in cell-mediated immunity but also
participate in antibody-mediated immunity
• mature in thymus gland
• move to lymphatic tissue after mature
• 4 types
T CELLS
• contain binding sites for antigens
• specific for certain antigens
• hold and present a processed antigen on the surface of
the cell membrane
• bind to antigen receptor on B or T cells and stimulate
response
THE MHC MOLECULE
proteins secreted by a cell that regulates neighboring cells
• Example—interleukin 1 released by macrophages
stimulates helper T cells
CYTOKINES
effective against antigens in body fluids (blood and lymph)
• effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins
• uses B cells to produce antibodies
ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• 80 to 85% in serum
• activates compliment and increases phagocytosis
• can cross the placenta and provide protection to the fetus
• responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of
the newborn
igG
5 to 10% in serum
• activates compliment
• acts as an antigen binding receptor on the surface of B
cells
• responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood
system
• often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen
igM
• 15% in serum
• secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous
membranes
• protects body surfaces
• found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection
to the newborn
igA
• 0.002% in serum
• binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the
inflammatory response
igE
• 0.2% in serum
• functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells
igD
• produce antibodies
• 3 to 14 days to produce enough antibody to be effective
against antigen
• meanwhile person develops disease symptoms
PLASMA CELLS
used against antigens in cells
and tissues.
• It is effective against intracellular bacteria, viruses, fungi,
and protozoa.
• It uses different types of T cells.
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• activate macrophages
• help form B cells
• promote production of Tc
HELPER T CELLS
precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
• natural exposure to antigens causes production of
antibodies
• can be lifelong immunity
• Example—mononucleosis
ACTIVE (NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY)
• injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the
production of antibodies
• immunization is a process of introducing killed, live, or
inactivated pathogen
ACTIVE (ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY)
• injection of antibodies from another person or animal
PASSIVE (Artificially acquired immunity)
