Types of Experiments Flashcards
Advantages and Disadvantage in a Labatory Experiment
Adv:
- High degree of control
- east to replicate
Dis:
- Artificial setting (low level of ecological validity)
- High demand Characteristics
What is meant by demand characteristics
Pots likely to know they are taking part in an experiment and may alter behaviour
A Field Experiment is carried out in a
Natural Environment
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Field Experiment?
Adv:
- High ecological validity (findings likely to represent what you’d find in real life setting)
- Ppts less likely to know they are taking part in study less demand characteristics
Dis:
- Lower degree of control over variables
- Hard to replicate
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Natural Experiment
Adv
- More ecological validity
- Lower demand characteristics
Dis
- low degree of control
- hard to replicate
Explain Quasi Experiments
Have an IV that is based on existing differences between people (gender,age)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quasi Experiments
Adv:
- More ecological validity (ppts in a natural environment)
- Much lower demand characteristics (natural setting)
Dis:
- Low degree of control
- Hard to replicate
Define Reliability
The extent to which a method of measurement or test produces consistent findings
(how easily can another researcher replicate your research and produce similar results)
Define Validity
The extent to which a test accurately measures what it claims to measure
Define Internal Validity
Whether or not the research measure what it intends to measure
What are the two types of Observations
Controlled and Naturalistic
Advantage and Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observations
Adv:
- Higher ecological validity
- Fewer ethical issues
Dis :
- More extraneous variables
- Difficult to replicate
Advantages and Disadvantages of controlled Observations
Adv :
Fewer Extraneous Variables
Easier to replicate
Dis :
- Lower Ecological Validity (situation may not be realistic)
- More ethical issues
Define Overt Observations
Ppts are aware that they are being observed
Define Covert Observations
Ppts not aware they are being observed
Advantages and Disadvantages of Overt Observations
Adv:
- Fewer ethical issues
Dis:
- More investigator effects
- More demand characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantage of Covert Observations
Adv:
- Fewer Investigator effects
- Fewer Demand Characteristics
Dis
- More ethical issues
Define Participant Observations
Observer is part of a group being observed
Define Non-participant observations
Observer is not part of the group being observed
Advantages and Disadvantage of Participation observations
Adv:
- More insight (may find out more)
- Fewer ethical issues (ppts aware of being observed)
Dis :
- Less objective (observer become biased)
- Recording difficulties (due to being actively involved in the group)
Advantages and Disadvantage of Non-participant observations
Adv:
- More objective (less inclined to favour the group)
- Easier to record data
Dis:
- Less insight (important info may be missed)
- More ethical issues (ppts may not be aware of observations)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Focus Groups
Strength
- Able to explore people’s knowledge and experiences
- Natural/Comfortable environment
- Quick and Convenient way of collecting a lot of information from alot of people
Weaknesses
- no intimate data from ppts
- anonymity and confidentiality
Explain Random Sampling
Every member of the target population an equal chance of being chosen
Advantages and Disadvantages of Random Sampling
Adv:
Unbiased
Dis:
May not be representative
Explain opportunity sampling
Ppts who are both accessible and willing to take part our targeted
Advantages and Disadvantages of Opportunity Sampling
Advantages:
The easiest method and takes less time
Disadvantages:
- Less representative (small section of the target population)
- Investigator bias ( approaching ppts)
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Volunteer Sampling
Advantages:
Easier method to use with less initial work
Disadvantages:
- Atypical Respondents
Explain advantages and disadvantages of Stratified Sampling
What is Stratified Sampling
All of the names of the people in the target population are needed (Electoral register)
Advantages and Disadvantage of Stratified Sampling
Adv:
This method produces a representative sample because it is designed to accurately reflect the composition of the population
Dis:
Very time consuming and difficult to do
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of Snowball sampling
Advantages: It allows for studies to take place where otherwise it might be impossible to conduct because of lack of ppts
Disadvantages: The obtained sample may be biased
Advantages and Disadvantage of Systematic Sampling
Advantages: This is typically unbiased as ppts are selected using an objective system (every nth perosn)
Disadvantages:
Not truly random
Explain Purposive sampling
non-probability sample that is selected based on the characteristics of a population and the objective of a study.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling
Advantages
Easy way to choose a more representation sample
Disadvantages
Could be biased as it’s subjective
What are the 6 main ethical issues
Informed Consent
Deception
Protection from Harm
Right to withdraw
Confidentiality
Privacy
Explain ethical issues : Informed Consent
- voluntary informed consent
- must be informed about the purpose of the research, what will be required
- full consent to take part in the study
Explain ethical issue : Protection From Harm
- protected from both physical and psychological harm
- ppts should be the same state. they were before
Explain ethical issue: Confidentiality
- ppts right to have personal information protected
Explain ethical issue: Privacy
- Do not except to be observed by others in certain situations
Explain ethical issue : Right to withdraw
- free to withdraw at any time and have their data destroyed
