Types of Data

Question 1

statistics allow for

Answer 1

description of an average person
– gives us the ability to compare that description to a similar population of interest

Question 2

what does inferential statistics allow for

Answer 2

ability to study a small sample that “represents” the population of interest

allows us to characterize the response and if it is applicable to a much larger population

Question 3

descriptive statistics is defined as

Answer 3

organizing, presenting, and summarizing the data obtained from research

via graphs, figures and numbers

Question 4

inferential statistics are defined as

Answer 4

generalization of results/data from our study to population at large

generalization of treatment response, dosage, application and desired outcomes

Question 5

two types of variables

Answer 5

dependent
independent

Question 6

dependent variables

Answer 6

outcome variable / variable of interest

should change in response to intervention

Question 7

independent variable

Answer 7

object trait
or
typical intervention already in place

Question 8

if one variable changes in response to another, it is described as

Answer 8

dependent variable is the one that changes in response to independent variable

Question 9

discrete variables are defined as

Answer 9

can only possess one of the limited sets of values
– can only have whole numbers

Question 10

continuous variables are defined as

Answer 10

relative values

Question 11

what is a common misconceived continuous variable

Answer 11

age
it is relative (can be 67 and 1 day or 67 and 364 days, but both people put 67 on the form)

Question 12

nominal data is described as

Answer 12

named categories with no inherent order of superiority/inferiority of categories

– no information is lost or devalued if the categories are put in random order

Question 13

ordinal data is defined as

Answer 13

named categories but inherent order is within the categories

one value will be superior or inferior to another
ie - test grades = A>B and B>C

Question 14

ordinal data reflects

Answer 14

the difference between two categories, not the difference in numbers between the category

ie - B+ vs B not a grade of 90 vs 85

Question 15

interval variables are defined as

Answer 15

a distance between values that is equidistant from one to the next

Question 16

ratio data is described as

Answer 16

ordered variable with equal intervals between values and a meaningful zero reference point

Question 17

compare ratio and interval data

Answer 17

ratio = meaningful 0 point
interval = no meaningful 0 point

Question 18

in ratio data, a 0 means

Answer 18

absence of a variable

Question 19

proportion definition

Answer 19

fraction where numerator is subset of denominator

Question 20

rate definition

Answer 20

fraction with time component

Question 21

two main issues associated with graphical data

Answer 21

can only plot the graph/describe what was found
– not characterizing the “average individual”

cannot easily compare the results to other groups

Question 22

how do we summarize data in numbers

Answer 22

central tendency (convergence)
dispersion (spread)

Question 23

mean is defined as

Answer 23

measure of central tendency for interval and ratio data

Question 24

median is defined as

Answer 24

value such that half of data points fall above and half of data points fall below

Question 25

median vs mean

Answer 25

median - in ascending order, find middle value mean - average

Question 26

when to use median

Answer 26

if there are clear outliers in data when data is non-normal

Question 27

mode definition

Answer 27

most frequently occurring category

Question 28

measure of dispersion

Answer 28

how closely the data clusters around the measure of central tendency (mean or median)

Question 29

range is defined as

Answer 29

difference between highest and lowest values

Question 30

why is range a good measure of dispersion

Answer 30

easy to calculate considers outliers

Question 31

why is range a bad measure of dispersion

Answer 31

dependent upon sample size, larger = more unstable outliers will skew data does not give you much, not very applicable will not describe typical/average dispersion

Question 32

IQR is defined as

Answer 32

interquartile range will give 4 equal portions of the data upper quarter, median, lower quarter

Question 33

IQR is not affected by

Answer 33

extremes or outliers of data

Question 34

variance is defined as

Answer 34

sum of squares for all mean differences / divided by number of observations

Question 35

standard deviation is defined as

Answer 35

square root of variance

Question 36

data is reported as

Answer 36

mean (+/-) SD

Question 37

if a graph is "skewed" that means

Answer 37

it is affected by the outliers will have less symmetry of curve

Question 38

why is normal distribution important

Answer 38

statistical tests are based on assumption of normal distribution natural phenomenon are defined by normal distribution allows for skewness of data to be described

Question 39

what is mean described as in bell curve

Answer 39

μ

Question 40

standard deviation is defined as ____ in bell curve

Answer 40

σ

Question 41

percentages related to bell curve

Answer 41

1 SD = 34.1 2 SD = 13.6 3 SD = 2.2 4 SD = 0.1

Question 42

what % of data should fall between what and what

Answer 42

95% within mean and (+/-) 2SD