types of cell signalling

Question 1

what are the types of cell signalling?

Answer 1

• autocrine
• paracrine
• endocrine
• juxtacrine

Question 2

what is cell signalling?

Answer 2

mechanism of converting extracellular signals to intracellular signals

Question 3

whats the general flow of cell signalling?

Answer 3

stimuli –> signalling cascade (1st and 2nd messengers) –> effector molecules –> response

Question 4

first messenger function and examples

Answer 4

extracellular signalling molecules that bind to receptors on cell surface to initiate a signalling cascade

examples:
hormones -insulin
neurotransmitters - acetylcholine
growth factors - EGF

Question 5

seconf messenger function and example

Answer 5

intracellular signaling molecules that relay signals from receptor to target

examples:
cAMP
Ca2+ ions
IP3
DAG

Question 6

describe how autocrine signalling works

Answer 6

cells produce signals to act on themselves

Question 7

describe how paracrine signalling works

Answer 7

secreted signals by one cell act on an adjacent cell

Question 8

describe how endocrine signalling works

Answer 8

signals are secreted by endocrine glands
travel via blood to target

Question 9

describe how juxacrine singalling works

Answer 9

Juxtacrine signaling in animal cells occurs through direct contact via proteins like Notch receptors or gap junctions, while in plant cells, it primarily involves plasmodesmata, which are channels connecting adjacent cells

Question 10

what are the two types of signalling switches?

Answer 10

• signalling by phosphorylation
• signalling by GTP binding