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ELM3 - cancer > types of cancer > Flashcards

types of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Increased age, female, family history, radiation exposure, benign fibrotic change, oestrogen exposure (COCs/HRT),

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2
Q

What gene causes most genetic cases of breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 (and BRCA2)

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3
Q

Which part of the breast is most likely to develop breast cancer, and why?

A

The upper outer quadrant - this part has the most amount of breast tissue

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4
Q

What are some of the gross breast changes that occur with cancer?

A

Palpable mass, skin puckering/tethering, nipple inversion, peau d’orange oedema, ulceration

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5
Q

What is the most common benign breast tumor?

A

Fibroadenoma

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6
Q

What is the common presentation of breast fibroadenoma?

A

Presents with a freely movable, rubbery spherical mass

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7
Q

What are the findings on mammogram of Ductal Carcinoma in situ?

A

Microcalcifications

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8
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

When breast ductal cell carcinoma in situ migrates to the nupple, disrupting the epithelium and causing inflammation and a scaly crust

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9
Q

What is the most common type of breast cancer?

A

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

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10
Q

What is the common presentation of invasive ductal carcinoma?

A

Presents with a hard, craggy lump or a speculated lesion on mammography

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11
Q

What is the ‘triple assessment’ of breast cancer?

A

Clinical exam, breast imaging, biopsy

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12
Q

What receptors are tested for in breast cancer?

A

oestrogen, progesterone, HER-2 receptors

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13
Q

Why do breast cancers that are oestrogen or progesterone receptor positive have a better prognosis?

A

They can be treated with hormonal treatments that target these receptors

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14
Q

What is the significance of HER-2 positive breast cancer?

A

Presence of HER-2 suggests the cancer is more aggressive, but there is a targeted treatment available - herceptin - which improves prognosis

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15
Q

What are the high risk strains of HPV?

A

HPV16, HPV18 - increase risk of cervical cancer

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16
Q

What are the low risk strains of HPV?

A

HPV6, HPV11 - cause skin and genital warts

17
Q

Which part of the cervix does HPV usually infect, and therefore where most cervical cancers arise?

A

The transformation zone - where there are cells undergoing differentiation

18
Q

What is the precursor lesion for HPV-related carcinoma?

A

CIN - cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1-CIN3)

19
Q

What is LSIL and HSIL?

A

Low-grade / High-grade intraepithelial lesion

20
Q

What are the 2 most common types of uterine smooth muscle tumor?

A

Leiomyoma/fibroids (benign), leiomyosarcoma (cancer)

21
Q

Which part of the prostate is affected by benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

The transitional zone, at the centre of the prostate

22
Q

What conditions can cause a raised PSA level?

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis, prostate cancer - so not specific enough for cancer diagnosis

23
Q

What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

Urinary retention, cystitis, frequency, hesitancy, dysuria, terminal dribbling, nocturia

24
Q

What is the pathophysiology of benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

With increasing age, there is a build up of epithelial and stromal tissues which enlarges the transitional zone of the prostate. An increased number of adrenergic receptors also occurs, leading to increased smooth muscle contraction which helps to compress the urethra

25
Q

What is the intervention used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

TURP (trans-urethral resection of the prostate) - a tool is inserted into the urethra and the central/transitional zone of the prostate is removed

26
Q

Which part of the prostate does prostate carcinoma affect?

A

The peripheral zone

27
Q

What is the pathophysiology of prostate cancer growth?

A

prostate cancer cells are very receptive to androgens, which trigger their growth

28
Q

What is the diagnostic test for prostate cancer?

A

TRUS (trans-rectal ultrasound) biopsy

29
Q

What is the most common type of testicular cancer?

A

Seminoma - cancer arising for testicular germ cells

ELM3 - cancer (2 decks)

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