Types of Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates

Question 1

the four main types of biological molecules

Answer 1

carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid

Question 2

biological molecules always contain _____, _____, ______

Answer 2

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 3

the building blocks of a polymer are called _______

Answer 3

monomers

Question 4

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are biological molecules called ______

Answer 4

polymers

Question 5

these are long molecules composed of similar building blocks linked together by covalent bonds

Answer 5

polymers

Question 6

carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of _______

Answer 6

1:2:1

Question 7

carbohydrates include ____ and _____

Answer 7

sugars, polymers of sugar

Question 8

carbohydrates may be classified as ______, ______, ______

Answer 8

monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

Question 9

the simplest carbohydrates are the ______

Answer 9

monosaccharides

Question 10

these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates are built

Answer 10

monosaccharides

Question 11

________ include glucose, fructose, and galactose

Answer 11

monosaccharides

Question 12

_______ are double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Answer 12

disaccharides

Question 13

disaccharides include sucrose, _______, and _______

Answer 13

maltose, lactose

Question 14

polysaccharides include ______, _______, _____, and ________

Answer 14

starch, glycogen, chitin, and cellulose

Question 15

carbohydrate macromolecules are polymers called ______, composed of many sugar building blocks

Answer 15

polysaccharides

Question 16

carbohydrates serve as a major _____ and as a __________

Answer 16

fuel for cells, raw material for building molecules

Question 17

______ generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O

Answer 17

monosaccharides

Question 18

______, the most common monosaccharide, is of central importance in the chemistry of life

Answer 18

glucose

Question 19

depending on the location of the carbonyl group, a sugar is either an ______ or a ______

Answer 19

aldose (aldehyde sugar), ketose (ketone sugar)

Question 20

Glucose is an ______

Answer 20

aldose

Question 21

fructose, an isomer of glucose, is a ______

Answer 21

ketose

Question 22

carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton

Answer 22

aldoses (aldehyde sugars)

Question 23

carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton

Answer 23

ketoses (ketone sugars)

Question 24

three-carbon sugars (C3H6O3)

Answer 24

trioses

Question 25

pentoses are ______

Answer 25

five-carbon sugars

Question 26

hexoses are _______

Answer 26

six-carbon sugars

Question 27

______, particularly glucose, are major nutrients for cells

Answer 27

monosaccharides

Question 28

a _______ consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Answer 28

disaccharide

Question 29

the most prevalent disaccharide is ______

Answer 29

sucrose, or table sugar

Question 30

disaccharides must be broken down into _____ to be used for energy by organisms

Answer 30

monosaccharides

Question 31

______ are macromolecules, polymers with a ______ to a ______ monosaccharides joined by ________

Answer 31

polysaccharides, few hundred, few thousand, glycosidic linkages

Question 32

some polysaccharides serve as _______, hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells

Answer 32

storage material

Question 33

other polysaccharides serve as a _____ for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism

Answer 33

building material

Question 34

the architecture and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its ______ and by the positions of its ________

Answer 34

sugar monomers, glycosidic linkages

Question 35

both plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of _______

Answer 35

storage polysaccharides

Question 36

plants store _____, a polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cellular structures known as ______

Answer 36

starch, plastids

Question 37

most of the glucose monomers in starch are joined by _______

Answer 37

1-4 linkages

Question 38

the simplest form of starch _____, is unbranched

Answer 38

amylose

Question 39

______, a more complex form of starch, is a branched polymer with ______ at the branch points

Answer 39

amylopectin, 1-6 linkages

Question 40

animals store a polysaccharide called ______, a polymer of ____

Answer 40

glycogen, glucose

Question 41

the polysaccharide called ______ is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

Answer 41

cellulose

Question 42

it is the most abundant organic compound on earth

Answer 42

cellulose

Question 43

like starch, _______ is a polymer of glucose with _____, but the linkages in these two polymers differ

Answer 43

cellulose, 1-4 glycolic linkages

Question 44

when glucose forms a ring, the hydroxyl group attached to the number 1 carbon is positioned either ____ or ____ the plane of the ring

Answer 44

above, below

Question 45

the two rings for glucose are called _______, respectively

Answer 45

alpha, beta

Question 46

in starch, all the glucose monomers are in the _____ configuration

Answer 46

alpha

Question 47

another important structural polysaccharide is ____, the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons

Answer 47

chitin

Question 48

chitin is also found in fungi, which use this polysaccharide rather than cellulose as the _______

Answer 48

building materials for their cells

Question 49

chitin is similar to ____, with beta (b) linkages, except that the glucose monomer of chitin has a ______ attachment

Answer 49

cellulose, nitrogen-containing attachment