Types of Bias

Question 1

Anchoring Bias

Answer 1

Putting too much weight on one insignificant piece of information. This often happens when seeing the first piece of information of a topic.

Question 2

Attribution Bias

Answer 2

”- The tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their own behavior to external factors outside of their control.

• You cut yourself a break while holding others 100% accountable to their actions. “

Question 3

Authority Bias

Answer 3

Authority bias is the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure (unrelated to its content) and be more influenced by that opinion. In short, it is our tendency to follow the leader.

Question 4

Barnum Effect

Answer 4

”- Individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them (more so than to other people), despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone.

• Can be used to describe people who think they are more important than they actually are. “

Question 5

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 5

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort that we feel when our minds entertain two contradictory concepts at the same time.

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

Looking and identifying information that corroborates information you already believe.

Question 7

Conflict of Interest

Answer 7

A conflict of interest arises when what is in a person’s best interest is not in the best interest of another person or organization to which that individual owes loyalty.

Question 8

Conformity Bias

Answer 8

“The conformity bias is the tendency people have to behave like those around them rather than using their own personal judgment.
People seem to be more comfortable mimicking others, even regarding ethical matters.”

Question 9

Contrast Bias

Answer 9

“The conformity bias is the tendency people have to behave like those around them rather than using their own personal judgment. People seem to be more comfortable mimicking others, even regarding ethical matters.”

Question 10

Cultural Noise

Answer 10

”- Found commonly in management;

• Is when compassion is made of one object, or person, to another, based on criteria that are not consistent or an unequal comparison. “

Question 11

Curse of Knowledge Bias

Answer 11

“-The curse of knowledge is a cognitive bias that occurs when an individual, communicating with other individuals, unknowingly assumes that the others have the background to understand.

• This means that you can’t “unknow” or “unlearn” what you know. Once you become an expert on certain subjects, it becomes much harder to explain the basics to someone without that same knowledge.”

Question 12

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Answer 12

Overestimating the competence of incompetent people and underestimating the competence of competent people.

Question 13

Exposure Effect

Answer 13

Accepting something as truth because it is familiar.

Question 14

Framing

Answer 14

”- Presenting something in a way that makes it more desirable.
- A frame of reference, or point of view, refers to the way we look at a given situation. How a person views that situation can affect her understanding of the facts and influence how she determines right from wrong.”

Question 15

Gut-Feeling Bias

Answer 15

Occurs when the interviewer relies on an intuitive feeling that the candidate is a good, or bad, fit for the position without looking as whether or not the individual’s qualifications meet the criteria established

Question 16

Halo Bias

Answer 16

is the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one’s opinion or feelings in other areas. Halo effect is “the name given to the phenomenon whereby evaluators tend to be influenced by their previous judgments of performance or personality.” The halo effect which is a cognitive bias can possibly prevent someone from accepting a person, a product, or a brand based on the idea of an unfounded belief on what is good or bad.

Question 17

Horn Bias

Answer 17

The horn effect, closely related to the halo effect, is a form of cognitive bias that causes one’s perception of another to be unduly influenced by a single negative trait. An example of the horn effect may be that an observer is more likely to assume a physically unattractive person is morally inferior to an attractive person, despite the lack of relationship between morality and physical appearance.

Question 18

Leniency Bias

Answer 18

a type of rating mistake in which the ratings are consistently overly positive, particularly regarding the performance or ability of the participants. It is caused by the rater’s tendency to be too positive or tolerant of shortcomings and to give undeservedly high evaluations.

Question 19

Moral Myopia

Answer 19

“Moral myopia refers to the inability to see ethical issues clearly.
The term, coined by Minette Drumwright and Patrick Murphy, describes what happens when we do not recognize the moral implications of a problem or we have a distorted moral vision. An extreme version of moral myopia is called moral blindness.”

Question 20

Negative Emphasis Bias

Answer 20

Occurs when a small negative element outweighs the positive.

Question 21

Not Invented Here (NIH) Bias

Answer 21

Refusing to accept information because of unfamiliarity.

Question 22

Over Confidence Bias

Answer 22

The overconfidence bias is the tendency people have to be more confident in their own abilities, such as driving, teaching, or spelling than is objectively reasonable. This overconfidence also involves matters of character.

Question 23

Reactance Effect

Answer 23

Deliberately doing the opposite of what you are asked to do to maintain your freedom of choice.

Question 24

Semmelweis Effect

Answer 24

The Semmelweis Reflex is a metaphor for the reflex-like tendency to reject new evidence or new knowledge because it contradicts established norms, beliefs, or paradigms.

Question 25

Similar-To-Me

Answer 25

Occurs when preference is given to a person or idea because of similar interests or other characteristics that another has. This results in characteristics of other people or ideas being treated more negatively regardless of circumstance.

Question 26

Status-Quo Effect

Answer 26

Refusing to accept or change something because “it’s the way it has always been done.”