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Materials > Types and applications of materials > Flashcards

Types and applications of materials Flashcards

1
Q

Metal alloys are grouped into two classes, which are … and …

A

Ferrous alloys, and non ferrous alloys

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2
Q

Alloys in which iron is the principle consituent (steels and cast irons).

A

Ferrous alloys

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3
Q

… are produced in larger quantities than any other metal alloy.

A

Ferrous alloys

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4
Q

What are the advantages of ferrous alloys?

A
  • Offer a wide range of mechanical and physical properties.
  • Economical production techniques.
  • Abundant quantities within the earth’s crust.
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5
Q

… are metal alloys that are not iron based.

A

Non-ferrous alloys

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6
Q

… are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements.

A

Steels

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7
Q

The mechanical properties of steel are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally less than …

A

1.0 wt%.

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8
Q

Some of the more common steels are classified

according to carbon concentration into … , … , …

A

low-carbon medium-carbon, and

high-carbon types

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9
Q

Subclasses exist within each group of steels according to the …

A

concentration of other alloying elements.

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10
Q

What type of steel is produced in the greatest quantities?

A

low-carbon

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11
Q

How much carbon do low-carbon steels have?

A

less than about 0.25 wt% C

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12
Q

… are relatively soft and weak but have outstanding ductility and toughness; in addition, they are machinable, weldable, and, of all steels, are
the least expensive to produce.

A

low-carbon steels

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13
Q

What are typical applications of low carbon steels?

A

automobile body components, structural shapes, and sheets that are used in pipelines,buildings, bridges, and tin cans.

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14
Q

For low-carbon steels what is the yield strength? tensile strengths? and ductility ?

A

Yield strength: 275 MPa
Tensile strengths: between 415 and 550 MPa
Ductility: 25% EL

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15
Q

Another group of low-carbon alloys are the high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels. What other alloying elements do they contain and in what concentrations? Compare their strength in relation to plain low-carbon steels.

A

copper, vanadium,nickel, and molybdenum in combined concentrations as high as 10 wt%, and
they possess higher strengths than the plain low-carbon steels.

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16
Q

high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels may be strengthened by …

A

heat treatment,

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17
Q

What are other properties of high-strength, low-alloy steels?

A

ductile, formable, and machinable.

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18
Q

HSLA steels are more resistant to … than

the plain carbon steels,

A

corrosion

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19
Q

Medium-carbon steels have carbon concentrations between about… .
These alloys may be … to improve their mechanical properties.

A

0.25 and 0.60 wt%,

heat-treated

20
Q

Heat-treated medium-carbon steels are stronger than the low-carbon steels, but at a sacrifice of …

A

ductility and toughness

21
Q

Additions of … improve the capacity of medium-carbon alloys to be heat-treated, giving rise to a variety of strength–ductility combinations.

A

chromium, nickel, and molybdenum

22
Q

Applications of which type of carbon steel include railway wheels and tracks, gears, crankshafts, and other machine parts and high-strength structural components calling for a combination of high strength, wear resistance, and toughness.

A

Medium-carbon

23
Q

The high-carbon steels, normally having carbon contents between …, are the … , … , and yet least … of the carbon steels.

A

0.60 and 1.4 wt%

hardest, strongest, ductile

24
Q

What type of carbon steel is wear resistant and capable of holding a sharp cutting edge.

A

high-carbon

25
Q

high-carbon alloys contain alloying elements …

which when combine with carbon form very hard and wear-resistant carbide compounds.

A

chromium, vanadium, tungsten, and molybdenum.

26
Q

… steels are used as cutting tools and dies for forming and shaping materials, as well as in knives, razors, hacksaw blades, springs, and high strength
wire.

A

High-carbon

27
Q

… are highly resistant to corrosion especially the ambient atmosphere.

A

The stainless steels

28
Q

The predominant alloying element for stainless steel is …; a concentration of at least … is required. Corrosion
resistance may also be enhanced by … and … additions.

A

chromium, 11 wt% Cr

nickel, molybdenum

29
Q

… are frequently used at elevated temperatures and in severe environments because they resist oxidation and maintain their mechanical integrity under such conditions; the upper temperature limit in oxidizing
atmospheres is about 1000°C.

A

stainless steels

30
Q

Applications of … include gas turbines, high-temperature steam boilers, heat-treating
furnaces, aircraft, missiles, and nuclear power-generating units.

A

stainless steels

31
Q

Cast irons are ferrous alloys with more than … wt% C

more commonly …wt% C

A

2.1,

3 - 4.5

32
Q

What are properties of cast irons?

A

Low melting temperature, relatively easy to cast. Generally brittle, thus casting is the most convenient fabrication method.

33
Q

… iron is a type of cast iron, it is

  • graphite flakes
  • weak & brittle in tension
  • stronger in compression
  • excellent vibrational dampening
  • wear resistant
A

Gray iron

34
Q 
What is this type of cast iron?
-add Mg and/or Ce (cerium)
- graphite as nodules not flakes
- matrix often pearlite 
- stronger but less
ductile
A

Ductile iron

35
Q

what type of cast iron?

  • Low silicon
  • < 1 wt% Si
  • very hard and brittle
A

White iron

36
Q

what type of cast iron?

  • heat treat white iron at 800-900ºC
  • graphite in rosettes
  • reasonably strong and ductile
A

Malleable iron

37
Q

What type of cast iron?

  • relatively high thermal conductivity
  • good resistance to thermal shock
  • lower oxidation at elevated temperatures
A

Compacted graphite iron

38
Q

What are limitations of ferrous alloys?

A

high densities, low electrical conductivity, poor corrosion resistance.

39
Q

… are characterized by a relatively low density (2.7 g/cm3 as compared to 7.9 g/cm3 for steel), high electrical and thermal conductivities, and a resistance to corrosion in some common environments, including the ambient atmosphere.

A

Aluminium and alloys

40
Q

Aluminum has an FCC crystal structure, its … is retained even at very low temperatures.

A

ductility

41
Q

What is a limitation of Aluminium?

A

low melting temperature (660°C)

42
Q

The mechanical … of aluminum may be enhanced by cold work and by alloying; however, both processes tend to decrease resistance to corrosion.

A

strength

43
Q

Principal alloying elements with Aluminium include …

A

copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and

zinc.

44
Q

Applications of ceramics include …

A

die blanks, cutting tools, sensors

45
Q

What are refractories?

A

Materials to be used at high temperatures

Materials (2 decks)

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