Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Type 1 Diabetes > Flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what is normoalbuminuria

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is microalbuminuria

A

30-300 mg in 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is albuminuria

A

> 300mg/24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how would you manage diabetic nephropathy

A

aim for good glycemic control
screen for microalbuminuria
treat with ACE (T1) or ARB(T2) to reduce the intraglomerular pressure as they reduce tone in the efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what causes diabetic neuropathy

A

the most likely cause is nerve ischaemia

glucose can also slow conduction as well as glycosylation of nerve proteins

both demyelination and axonal loss occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what causes diabetic neuropathy

A

the most likely cause is nerve ischaemia

glucose can also slow conduction as well as glycosylation of nerve proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is microalbuminuria

A

30-300 mg in 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is albuminuria

A

> 300mg/24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how would you manage diabetic nephropathy

A

aim for good glycemic control
screen for microalbuminuria
treat with ACE (T1) or ARB(T2) to reduce the intraglomerular pressure as they reduce tone in the efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does 90, 60, 30, 15 and 0 mea in the context of kidneys

A 
the GFR in chronic kidney disease
CKD1 = >90ml
CKD2 = 60-90 ml
CKD 3= 30-60 ml
CKD4 = 15-30 ml
CKD5 = 0-15ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what causes diabetic neuropathy

A

the most likely cause is nerve ischaemia

glucose can also slow conduction as well as glycosylation of nerve proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which frequency tuning fork should be used to check perception of vibration

A

128Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how would you manage postural hypotension as a result of diabetes

A

avoid diuretics
fludrocortison
support stocking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the big risk of diabetic foot ulcers

A

osteomyelitis
a sign of this is being able to probe down to bone
if there is any evidence amputation should be sought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which neuropathies lead to charcot neuropathy

A

a mixture of sensory peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy

enhanced blood flow occurs and three is excessive osteoclastic activity leading to deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which conditions may be the result of autonomic neuropathy

A 
erectile dysfunction
postural hypotension
gastroparesis
diarrhoea/constipation
bladder dysfunction
blunted counter-response to hypoglycaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does diabetes cause erectile dysfunction

A

endothelial dysfunction - cannot produce NO
autonomic neuropathy - no NANC fibre to stimulate the release of NO

PDE5 inhibitors are available but only works in partial dysfunction

18
Q

what would you treat gastroparesis with

A

prokinetics (erythromycin)
antiemetics
gastric pacemaker

19
Q

how would you manage postural hypotension as a result of diabetes

A

avoid diuretics
fludrocortison
support stocking

20
Q

what are the histiological hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy

A

basement membrane thickening and increased mesangium

21
Q

what is a Kimmelsteil-Wilson kidney

A

an end stage diabetic kidney with nodular glomerular sclerosis

22
Q

what is the hall mark of diabetic retinopathy

A

microaneurysms

23
Q

what is the risk of new vessel formation in diabetic retinopathy

A

new vessels are accompanied by supporting connective tissue
this leads to pre retinal fibrosis
this can cause tractional retinal detachment

24
Q

what are macular drusen and what are they associated with

A

accumulation of phospholipid between Bruch’s membrane and the retinal pigment layer

AMD

appear after the age of 40

25
Q

venous beading, IRMAs with multiple round deep haemorrhages and >5 cotton wool spots is…

A

preproliferative diabetic retinopathy

26
Q

new vessels on disc, pre retinal or vitreous haemorrhage with pre retinal fibrosis is…

A

proliferative diabetic retinopahty

typically seen in T1DM

27
Q

at which BM does neurglycopenia begin

A

BM

28
Q

AV nipping, silver wiring, flame haemorrhages with hard/soft exudates is…

A

hypertensive retinopathy and may coexist with diabetic retinopathy

29
Q

acute onset
haemorrhages with tortuous veins,
macular oedema and new vessels

A

blood and thunder retina suggestive of retinal vein thrombosis

30
Q

what are macular drusen and what are they associated with

A

accumulation of phospholipid between Bruch’s membrane and the retinal pigment layer

AMD

appear after the age of 40

31
Q

DKA triad

A

ketones in blood > 3
DM >11.1
pH

32
Q

in which types of diabetes does DKA occur

A

it occurs quickly in type 1 on omission of insulin

in type 2 there is background insulin and therefore patients tend to run in a hyperosmolar state first

33
Q

at which BM does neurglycopenia begin

A

BM

34
Q

what is the target Hb1AC for a T1DM

A

7% or 53 according to the DCCT study

the better the glycemic control the lower the microvascular risk, but the higher the risk of hypo

35
Q

what is normoalbuminuria

A
36
Q

what is the target Hb1AC for T2DM

A
37
Q

which cutaneous manifestation is assocaited with T1DM

A

vitiligo

38
Q

which other endocrine disease is associated with T1DM

A

Addison’s

acromegaly with T2DM

39
Q

which compound is blood is tested for keynote bodies

A

beta hydroybuterate

40
Q

which condition may trigger a DKA

A

acute infection

41
Q

After treating an episode hypoglycaemia how long should you wait before checking the glucose response to therapy

A

15 mins

Nutrition (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions