TX H Tribes and Spanish Explorers

Question 1

agriculture, squash, beans, corn, gathered wild fruit, berries, fishing, hunted turkey, deer, bear, bison

permanent villages, large bee hive shaped domed houses, straw, mud, poles, fire pit in center

Trotline, tools from flint or stone, pottery, wove baskets

loin cloth, skirts, leggings made from animal skins, tattoos

Confederacy (more than 20 groups), somewhat matrilineal, government leader, religious leader, some warfare, burial mounds

Answer 1

Caddo

Question 2

Farmed and hunted. Corn, beans, squash, pumpkin, buffalo, pemmican, jerky

villages, domed houses, stayed in villages, spirit doors, water stops by doors

Cradleboards, bow and arrows, tools from buffalo bones, wove baskets

Loin cloth made with animal hides, raccoon eyes, tattooed

somewhat matrilineal, women leaders with men, warlike, Religious ceremonies, family important, councils

Answer 2

Wichita

Question 3

fish/shellfish/sea plants, hunted small game, deer, bears, buffalo, gathered nuts, berries, cacti, wild rice

nomadic by season, small poles w/leaves, mobile houses folded like umbrellas

dugout canoes, pottery, woven baskets, waterproof pots with oil/tar

some 6’ tall, loin cloth from animal hide, moss clothes for cooler weather, red/black clay face paint for battles

mitotes - dance ceremonies, used smoke signals, small groups led by a chief, alligator fat for insect repellent

Answer 3

Karankawa

Question 4

hunted small game, deer, rabbits, lizards, birds, cacti, agave, worms, fish. harsh environment food a struggle

Nomadic-few weeks campsite,

Small temp. shelters made with sticks and grass

Bow and arrows

loin cloth made from animal hides, at times went without clothing, yucca sandals, rabbit shawls

Equal status with men and women, shamans

least advanced tribe,

mitotes dance cermonies

Answer 4

Coahuiltecan

Question 5

Buffalo, deer,jerky, pemmican, gathered nuts, fruits, berries some farmed

nomadic, hide tipis for warriors on hunts, Wickiups (made of branches and hides)

horses

Buffalo and deer hide, long hair on right, short on left, earrings, men plucked facial hair

Expert horsemen

Answer 5

Apache

Question 6

hunted bear, elk, antelope, buffalo, gathered fruits, berries, nuts, pemmican, jerky

sheltered in steep canyon walls or buffalo hide tipis-women put them up and took them down

bows and arrows, spears, horses, expert horsemen

buffalo & deer hide decorated with beads, feathers, face & body paint

Best expert horsemen, Council chiefs made decisions about war and hunting, life revolved around hunting and war, prayed for successful hunts, platform burials, vision quests

Answer 6

Comanche

Question 7

hunted small game, deer, buffalo, agriculture, corn, squash, beans, gathered desert plants; agave root, mesquite beans

some nomadic, some settled, adobe brick, flat roofs, partially underground, bands of color inside

Bows and arrows, irrigation systems

striped face tattoos, short hair w/decorated lock for men, braids for women, loin cloth, leggings and skirts of animal hide, mud “hats” to keep cool, yucca sandals

organized in villages, mostly friendly, welcoming to strangers, irrigation

Answer 7

Jumano

Question 8

Southeastern

Answer 8

Caddo Wichita

Question 9

Gulf Coast

Answer 9

Karankawa, Coahuiltecan

Question 10

Plains

Answer 10

Apache, Comanche

Question 11

Pueblo

Answer 11

Jumano

Question 12

Feb 1519

Search for Gold and other natural resources

East coast of Mexico to Tenochtitlan

Army of 500 soldiers marched to Tenochititlan, the Aztec capital, and tore it down, then took the treasure. They built a new city called Mexico, after the word the Aztecs called themselves.

The capital was very advanced and had palaces, zoos, markets, gold, silver, lead

took the emperor Moctezuma hostage and had him killed.

inspired other Spaniards to follow him to the Americas. They came for economic reasons such as mining, farming, ranching as well as to convert the N.A. to Catholicism.

Answer 12

Hernando Cortes

Spanish

Question 13

1519

Was mapping the Gulf of Mexico.

Mapped the Texas coastline.

Mapped the Texas coastline and reported his findings to the governor of Jamaica. He never landed in Texas.

1st European to see Texas.

Answer 13

Alonso Alcarez de Pineda
Spanish

Question 14

1527

Conquer land between Florida and Mexico

Crashed in Florida and built rafts to leave. Ended up crashing in Galveston.

Met the Karankawa, helped the group by building fires and bringing fish and other food. Most of the Spanish died from disease and exposure. Karankawa died from European disease as well.

survived by trading with the N.A.

In 1535 he leaves with some companions (Estevanico, 1st AA in Texas) and heads towards Southwest Texas and reaches Mexico 1536.

Tells Spanish officials he’s heard about cities of riches copper, emeralds and turquoise. He say no gold but suggests the Spanish go north to look for it.

Much of what we know from the time period in Texas comes from journal writings from

Answer 14

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

Spanish

Question 15

1540

Investigate stories of 7 cities of gold, Cibola, and other riches.

Great Plains, Grand Canyon, Arizona, Panhandle of Texas, New Mexico

Young noble took 300 soldiers and hundreds of NA on search for riches.

Ran into Zuni N.A. in western New Mexico. The houses were made of mud and stone, Zuni warriors defended their village and is wounded.

Convinced that he’ll find treasure, he splits the group in to smaller groups. No gold is found.

meets a N.A. he calls the Turk who tells them there is treasure in the Great Plains in the East. Finds Palo Duro Canyon, but no gold and just a N.A. settlement made of sticks and animal skins. He has the Turk put to death.

He returns to New Spain (Mexico) in 1542 having claimed vast lands for Spain.

Answer 15

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Spanish

Question 16

1539

one died in 1542

Explored southeastern U.S.

Florida Gulf Coast, Mississippi River, and possibility Nacogdoches to Guadalupe River.

lead an expedition that included Moscoso. They explored the Southeastern US and made it to the Mississippi, the 1st European to do so.

one dies and other takes over. Went down Miss River to return to New Spain over land. Run low on supplies, and return to Miss River and then back to Mexico.

Answer 16

Hernando De Soto

And

Luis De Moscoso

Spanish

Question 17

1684

Claimed Mississippi River drainage for France.

Crashed in Matagorda Bay, Built Ft. St. Louis near present day Victoria

Claimed land that touched the Mississippi River for France (later the Louisiana Purchase).

Wanted to set up a settlement on the mouth of the river to capture silver mines in New Spain. He led 4 ships with 280 colonists.

Missed the mouth of river and landed in Matagorda Bay. With 2 reminding ships and supplies, he builds Ft. St. Louis, a stockade. This allows France to claim New Spain (east Texas) that rivals the Spain’s claim.

Some of colonists lose faith in him and return to France in 1 of the 2 ships. The remaining colonists don’t have enough to eat, leads an expedition to find the Mississippi River and get to the Great Lakes. He is killed his own people.

The remaining colonists at Ft. St. Louis are captured and most of them are killed by the Karankawa. Still France has established trade with N.A. near Mississippi River and Spain’s interests now shift to East Texas, they are worried about French claims to that part of New Spain (Texas).

Answer 17

Robert de La Salle

France