TWE Leadership Responsible For Establishment + Success Of Xn States 1096-1144

Question 1

Strong leadership (defence)

Answer 1

GdB pulls disunited xns together (Raymond seized tower of David then stormed off) to defeat al-Afdals relief force on 12 Aug 1099 battle of Ascalon.

BI rallies after loss at 2nd battle of Ramla 1102 to hold off muslims and then beat them later at 3rd ramla 1104

Question 2

Strong leadership (expansion)

Answer 2

BI takes caesarea (1101), Arsuf (1101) and Acre (1104). These ports are vital as they secure trade and contact with west for reinforcement

Tancred’s recovery of Antioch’s land important for principalities survival. 1105 takes Artah and by 1110 has Latikia and Cilicia

Question 3

Strong Leadership (Evaluation)

Answer 3

Bohemond’s leadership of Antioch awful. Takes all of its wealth when he goes to preach his crusade of 1101 which fails and results in his capture at the hands of the danishmends. Lose money, land, leader and become vassal after treaty of Dévol 1109.

Leaders often rash BI ramla 2 1102and Roger of Antioch at the FoB in 1119. Joscelin II’s foolishness in leaving Edessa unguarded to support his muslim ally kara aslan in Aleppo results in its fall in Dec 1144

Question 4

Muslim Disunity (Divisions)

Answer 4

Muslims frequently ally with xns to fight each other for example Chavli lent BI 7000 troops in his fight against Tancred and Ridwan of Aleppo

In 1129 the assassins give BII Banyas which is very helpful in resisting Tughtegin

In 1140 Unur allies with Fulk v Zengi to stop him taking Damascus

Question 5

Muslim Disunity (strong united)

Answer 5

Zengi v successful leads to fall of edessa

Shaizar and Maududs allied force in 1111 only held off by disengagement tactics from ALL of xn states. 1113 Maudud and Tughtekin destroy BI at battle of al-Sannabra again requirig Trip and Ant to help hold off at Mount Tabor

Question 6

Italian City States (Military and Economic aid)

Answer 6

Italian fleet key to taking of arsuf and caesarea (1101) and Acre (1104) as they can blockade the port and prevent the siege being relieved by sea as well as bombard the city. Similarly in 1124 help take Tyre which has annual revs higher than kingdom of England. Vital income.

Also provide transport for pilgrims as well as trade, the two major sources of income for the crusader states

Question 7

Italian City States (Evaluation)

Answer 7

Costly. GoB gives them 1/3 of all loot for 1101 campaigns as well as semi independent trading enclaves in the ports. 1124 BII gives them 300 gold bezants a year, tax exemption and 1/4 of every town in Outremer

Question 8

Military Orders (benefits)

Answer 8

Vital in manning castles as xns low on manpower + orders v good at it. Hs take Bethgiblin in 1136 and Ts handed control of Banyas in 1130s. They also act as useful mercenaries to crusader states who are short on men as most leaft after taling of Jerusalem in 1099.

Also provide income. 1/3 of revenue from their vast European network goes to Outremer and they provide protection for pilgrims (Ts after massacre of 1119)

Question 9

Military Orders (evaluation)

Answer 9

Hs only proper military order after 1140s and Ts mostly active later e.g. 1149 antioch defence and 1177 defence of Mont Giscard