Tutorial 1: Neuroanatomy I & Brain Tour Flashcards
Where areas are included in the CNS and PNS?
CNS: INside skull, brain & spinal cord
PNS: Located outside of skull and spine
What does the somatic nervous system deal with? What types of nerves does it have?
The somatic nervous system deals with controlling voluntary movement and sensations in the body. Nerves include sensory afferent nerves and motor efferent nerves. That is, nerves that ARRive to the CNS with sensory information, and nerves that EXit the CNS to send motor information
What does the autonomic nervous system deal with? What types of nerves does it have?
The autonomic nervous system deals with regulating the body’s internal state. The system contains afferent nerves from the internal organs (arrive), and efferent nerves that goes to the internal organ (exit), divided by the sympathetic (winds up) and parasympathetic (winds down) systems.
Name 3-5 physiological changes when the parasympathetic system vs when the sympathetic system is activated
Parasympathetic:
Stimulate flow of saliva, slower heartbeat, constrict bronchi, contract bladder, acetylcholyne released (neurotransmitter that promotes “rest & digest”
Sympathetic:
Pupils dilate, inhibit saliva flow, heartbeat accelerate, conversion of glycogen to glucose, secretion of adrenaline (broader effect of f or f) and noradrenaline (localised targeted effect of f or f), inhibit bladder contraction
Cranial nerves only have sensory segments, T/F
False, some have both sensory and motor segments
One organ can be controlled by more than one cranial nerve, T/F
True!
Correctly term the following descriptions:
Clusters of cells within the CNS vs in the PNS
Clusters of axons within the CNS vs in the PNS
- Nuclei, 2. Ganglia, 3. Tracts, 4. Nerves
The number of directions for transmission by a neurone is termed as ….
Poles
What are the 4 main types of neurons?
- Unipolar Neuron:
- Bipolar Neuron
- Multipolar Neuron
- Multipolar Interneuron
Nerves join the spinal cord in pairs in 32 locations along the length of spine, T/F
False, 31 pairs join the psinal cord along spine
Which is gray matter, and which is white?
1. Myelinated Axons
2. Cell bodies & interneurons
- White matter
- Gray matter
Which of two are efferent neurons that have cell bodies in ventral root, projecting out to somatic and autonomic system.
Unipolar or Multipolar Neurons
Multipolar
Unipolar are afferent neurons that join the dorsal horn from both somatic and autonomic systems
Multipolar Neurons ____ ______ between cells within a single structure and can _____ ______ from many cells
Transfer information
Collect Info
Name the physical brain protections structures (protect against mechanical injuries) and chemical brain protection strucutures (maintaining chemical balance)
Physical: Skull, meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Chemical protection: blood brain barrier (prevent entry of large molecules)
Hydrocephalus occurs when the drainage of _____ is blocked
CSF
Myelencephalon is also known as? This is which part of the brain?
Medulla & hindbrain
Where is the reticular formation located?
Reticular formation is spread along the legnth of the brain stem, portions are resting in medulla, pons, and mid brain
Which structure is primarily composed of axonal tracts carrying info from brain to body and back, and also involved in vital functions such as heart rate and breathing
Medulla
Reticular formation is involved in arousal, sleep, T/F
tRUE!
Metencephalon consists of both…
Pons & Cerebellum!
Pons is involved in the sensory and motor control, whilst cerebellum is involved in vital function relay centre. T/F
False. Other way around silly
Mesencephalon is located at the _____ & includes structures …
Midbrain, tectum & tegmentum
Which of these structures are located in the tectum and tegmentum: periaqueductal grey matter & Substantia Nigra AND superior and inferior colliculi
Tectum: superior and inferior colliculi
Tegmentum: periaqueductal grey matter & Substantia Nigra
Thalamus is the ____ station, containing three substructures.
1. _____ geniculate nucleus - first synapse after optic nerve leaves eye
2. ______ geniculate nucleus -
3. _____ _______ nucleus
Which is involved in sensorimotor relay, the first synapse after optic nerve leaves the eye, and auditory relay
- Lateral geniculate nucleus
- first synapse after the optic nerve leaves the eye - medial genciulate nucleus
- auditory relay - ventro posterior nucleus
- sensorimtor relay
The diencephalon contains the structures:
Thalamus & hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located where….. and controls …..?
Just below the thalamus, and control the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland simplifed, is responsible for lactation, stress, growth & reproduction, and blood pressure, T/F
True
The limbin system is involved with?
The four 4’s. Fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fucking and also affects
What is the striatum structure in the basal ganglia?
The putamen and caudate
Sulci is the ____ and gyri is the _____?
Fissures & Hills
Neocortext is the _____
Layered sheet of tissue
Telencephalon includes what structures?
Neocortex
What structure is not a part of the “old” brain?
Telencephalon
What are the two main cell types in the Neocortex? How do the layers differ
Pyramidal cells & stellate cells. Each layer differ in relative concentration of st. & py. cells in relative size & concentration of cell bodies
Pyramidal cells are ____ and stellate cells are _____
P. cells have large bodies, multipolar and large axons going down & inward through layers
S. Cells: small, star-shaped, short/no axons, transmitting info laterally
What are the 7 major components of the developed brain?
- Spinal cord
- Medulla (brain stem)
- Pons (brain stem)
- Cerebellum
- Midbrain (brain stem)
- Diencephalon
- Cerebrum/Neocortex
Name the three primary brain vesicles in a 3-4week old embryo.
- Forebrain (prosencephalon)
- Midbrain (mesencephalon)
- Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
What does the three primary brain vesicle of a 3-4 week, the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, grow into once it hits _ weeks?
Prosencephalon into 1. Telecephalon, 2. Diencephalon
Mesencephalon remains is (3)
Rhombencephalon grows into 4. Metencephalon, and 5. Myencephalon
Name the 4 lobes in the cerebrum
- Parietal 2. Temporal 3. Occipital 4. Frontal
What is the function of Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
Both are language, Broca is production (think tan tan), and Wernicke’s is comprehension
