Tutorial 1: Neuroanatomy I & Brain Tour

Question 1

Where areas are included in the CNS and PNS?

Answer 1

CNS: INside skull, brain & spinal cord
PNS: Located outside of skull and spine

Question 2

What does the somatic nervous system deal with? What types of nerves does it have?

Answer 2

The somatic nervous system deals with controlling voluntary movement and sensations in the body. Nerves include sensory afferent nerves and motor efferent nerves. That is, nerves that ARRive to the CNS with sensory information, and nerves that EXit the CNS to send motor information

Question 3

What does the autonomic nervous system deal with? What types of nerves does it have?

Answer 3

The autonomic nervous system deals with regulating the body’s internal state. The system contains afferent nerves from the internal organs (arrive), and efferent nerves that goes to the internal organ (exit), divided by the sympathetic (winds up) and parasympathetic (winds down) systems.

Question 4

Name 3-5 physiological changes when the parasympathetic system vs when the sympathetic system is activated

Answer 4

Parasympathetic:
Stimulate flow of saliva, slower heartbeat, constrict bronchi, contract bladder, acetylcholyne released (neurotransmitter that promotes “rest & digest”
Sympathetic:
Pupils dilate, inhibit saliva flow, heartbeat accelerate, conversion of glycogen to glucose, secretion of adrenaline (broader effect of f or f) and noradrenaline (localised targeted effect of f or f), inhibit bladder contraction

Question 5

Cranial nerves only have sensory segments, T/F

Answer 5

False, some have both sensory and motor segments

Question 6

One organ can be controlled by more than one cranial nerve, T/F

Answer 6

True!

Question 7

Correctly term the following descriptions:
Clusters of cells within the CNS vs in the PNS
Clusters of axons within the CNS vs in the PNS

Answer 7

1. Nuclei, 2. Ganglia, 3. Tracts, 4. Nerves

Question 8

The number of directions for transmission by a neurone is termed as ….

Answer 8

Poles

Question 9

What are the 4 main types of neurons?

Answer 9

1. Unipolar Neuron:
2. Bipolar Neuron
3. Multipolar Neuron
4. Multipolar Interneuron

Question 10

Nerves join the spinal cord in pairs in 32 locations along the length of spine, T/F

Answer 10

False, 31 pairs join the psinal cord along spine

Question 11

Which is gray matter, and which is white?
1. Myelinated Axons
2. Cell bodies & interneurons

Answer 11

1. White matter
2. Gray matter

Question 12

Which of two are efferent neurons that have cell bodies in ventral root, projecting out to somatic and autonomic system.
Unipolar or Multipolar Neurons

Answer 12

Multipolar
Unipolar are afferent neurons that join the dorsal horn from both somatic and autonomic systems

Question 13

Multipolar Neurons ____ ______ between cells within a single structure and can _____ ______ from many cells

Answer 13

Transfer information
Collect Info

Question 14

Name the physical brain protections structures (protect against mechanical injuries) and chemical brain protection strucutures (maintaining chemical balance)

Answer 14

Physical: Skull, meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Chemical protection: blood brain barrier (prevent entry of large molecules)

Question 15

Hydrocephalus occurs when the drainage of _____ is blocked

Answer 15

CSF

Question 16

Myelencephalon is also known as? This is which part of the brain?

Answer 16

Medulla & hindbrain

Question 17

Where is the reticular formation located?

Answer 17

Reticular formation is spread along the legnth of the brain stem, portions are resting in medulla, pons, and mid brain

Question 18

Which structure is primarily composed of axonal tracts carrying info from brain to body and back, and also involved in vital functions such as heart rate and breathing

Answer 18

Medulla

Question 19

Reticular formation is involved in arousal, sleep, T/F

Answer 19

tRUE!

Question 20

Metencephalon consists of both…

Answer 20

Pons & Cerebellum!

Question 21

Pons is involved in the sensory and motor control, whilst cerebellum is involved in vital function relay centre. T/F

Answer 21

False. Other way around silly

Question 22

Mesencephalon is located at the _____ & includes structures …

Answer 22

Midbrain, tectum & tegmentum

Question 23

Which of these structures are located in the tectum and tegmentum: periaqueductal grey matter & Substantia Nigra AND superior and inferior colliculi

Answer 23

Tectum: superior and inferior colliculi
Tegmentum: periaqueductal grey matter & Substantia Nigra

Question 24

Thalamus is the ____ station, containing three substructures.
1. _____ geniculate nucleus - first synapse after optic nerve leaves eye
2. ______ geniculate nucleus -
3. _____ _______ nucleus

Which is involved in sensorimotor relay, the first synapse after optic nerve leaves the eye, and auditory relay

Answer 24

1. Lateral geniculate nucleus
   - first synapse after the optic nerve leaves the eye
2. medial genciulate nucleus
   - auditory relay
3. ventro posterior nucleus
   - sensorimtor relay

Question 25

The diencephalon contains the structures:

Answer 25

Thalamus & hypothalamus

Question 26

The hypothalamus is located where….. and controls …..?

Answer 26

Just below the thalamus, and control the pituitary gland

Question 27

Pituitary gland simplifed, is responsible for lactation, stress, growth & reproduction, and blood pressure, T/F

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The limbin system is involved with?

Answer 28

The four 4’s. Fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fucking and also affects

Question 29

What is the striatum structure in the basal ganglia?

Answer 29

The putamen and caudate

Question 30

Sulci is the ____ and gyri is the _____?

Answer 30

Fissures & Hills

Question 31

Neocortext is the _____

Answer 31

Layered sheet of tissue

Question 32

Telencephalon includes what structures?

Answer 32

Neocortex

Question 33

What structure is not a part of the “old” brain?

Answer 33

Telencephalon

Question 34

What are the two main cell types in the Neocortex? How do the layers differ

Answer 34

Pyramidal cells & stellate cells. Each layer differ in relative concentration of st. & py. cells in relative size & concentration of cell bodies

Question 35

Pyramidal cells are ____ and stellate cells are _____

Answer 35

P. cells have large bodies, multipolar and large axons going down & inward through layers
S. Cells: small, star-shaped, short/no axons, transmitting info laterally

Question 36

What are the 7 major components of the developed brain?

Answer 36

1. Spinal cord
2. Medulla (brain stem)
3. Pons (brain stem)
4. Cerebellum
5. Midbrain (brain stem)
6. Diencephalon
7. Cerebrum/Neocortex

Question 37

Name the three primary brain vesicles in a 3-4week old embryo.

Answer 37

1. Forebrain (prosencephalon)
2. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
3. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Question 38

What does the three primary brain vesicle of a 3-4 week, the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, grow into once it hits _ weeks?

Answer 38

Prosencephalon into 1. Telecephalon, 2. Diencephalon
Mesencephalon remains is (3)
Rhombencephalon grows into 4. Metencephalon, and 5. Myencephalon

Question 39

Name the 4 lobes in the cerebrum

Answer 39

1. Parietal 2. Temporal 3. Occipital 4. Frontal

Question 40

What is the function of Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Answer 40

Both are language, Broca is production (think tan tan), and Wernicke’s is comprehension