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Cert/Adv - Italy > Tuscany > Flashcards

Tuscany Flashcards

1
Q

When were the first geographical production zones delimited? How? When? By who?

A

In 1716 by Grand Duke Cosimo III de’ Medici. There were 4 zones: Carmignano, Pomino, Chianti, Valdarno.

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2
Q

What disasters affected Italian wines at the end of the 1800s?

A

Oidium, Peronospera, and Phylloxera

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3
Q

What is mezzadria?

A

The cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce.

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4
Q

When did the mezzadria get abolished?

A

1963

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5
Q

What can Sangiovese often be like in Maremma? Why?

A

Jammy and flabby, because it is warmer.

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6
Q

What is Invaiatura?

A

Change of color of the grapes.

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7
Q

What is the ideal soil for Sangiovese?

A

Limestone based, with a balance content of clay and schist, and perhaps a bit of sand, not too low a pH, so not too acidic.

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8
Q

What is the soil of Bolgheri?

A

Layers of sand, clay and gravel.

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9
Q

What is the Tramontana?

A

The cold wind that blows across from the north in the direction of Emilia-Romagna.

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10
Q

How much Sangiovese is in Tuscany?

A

40,000 hectares

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11
Q

How was Sagarantino used until the late 1970s?

A

In uvaggi di vigneto (vineyard grape mixes).

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12
Q

What does “Mammolo” mean?

A

Violet

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13
Q

What is Vitiarium?

A

A vineyard experimental site at the large San Felice estate at Castelnuovo Berardenga in Chianti Classico.

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14
Q

What is an appropriate altitude range for Sangiovese in Tuscany?

A

650-1650 ft

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15
Q

How many approved Sangiovese clones are there?

A

70.

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16
Q

What are measurements of the Fregoni principle?

A

Ideal weights of 1 gram for the berry, 100 grams for the bunch, 1,000 grams for the vine.

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17
Q

What are macchine scavallanti?

A

Large, but now slim tractors that farm vineyards.

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18
Q

What is the general consensus for Tuscan vineyard planting density?

A

5,000-7,000

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19
Q

Chianti is between which two cities?

A

Florence and Siena

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20
Q

What of soils are in Greve?

A

Clay

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21
Q

Which wine subzone in Chianti Classico makes the “finest” wines?

A

Panzano in Greve

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22
Q

Which Chianti Classico zone is known for power and intensity?

A

Castelnuovo Berardenga

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23
Q

What is the soil of Rufina like?

A

Clay and limestone marl

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24
Q

Where is Bolgheri located?

A

On the Maremma coast

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25
Q

What is the DOC for “young” Carmignano?

A

Barco Reale

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26
Q

What assigned Carmignano to the nearby zone of Chianti Montalbano? When?

A

Dalmasso Commission in 1932.

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27
Q

What is the general altitude range of Carmignano?

A

160-650 feet

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28
Q

Does harvest happen earlier in central Tuscany or Maremma?

A

Maremma

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29
Q

What does Livorno mean?

A

leghorn

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30
Q

What is a common fault in Vin Santo?

A

volatility

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31
Q

What is madre?

A

A starter culture of yeast used in Vin Santo

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32
Q

What does Occhio di Pernice translate to?

A

“Eye of the partridge”

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33
Q

In which direction are most Vino Nobile di Montepulciano vines facing?

A

east to southeast

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34
Q

Where is Montepulciano in relation to Florence?

A

75 miles southeast

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35
Q

What was the first ever DOC?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano

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36
Q

What kind of soil is in Vernaccia di San Gimignano?

A

sandstone

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37
Q

Is harvest early in the north or south of Montalcino? By how much?

A

South…by a week

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38
Q

Where in Montalcino are the higher elevation vineyards?

A

the North

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39
Q

How many vintages were declared in the first 57 years of production of Biondi-Santi?

A

4

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40
Q

What wine factor helps wine in Montalcino?

A

A cool maritime breeze from the southwest

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41
Q

How does Montalcino’s climate compare to Florence?

A

It is warmer and drier than Florence

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42
Q

About how many acres are in use in Elba?

A

250 acres

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43
Q

In which direction is Montepulciano from Montalcino?

A

east

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44
Q

Most of Montalcino’s best vineyards are where?

A

in the south

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45
Q

Near what river are most of the Tuscan plains?

A

Arno

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46
Q

What are the highest mountains in Tuscany?

A

Apennines

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47
Q

Who are some key producers of Barberino Val d’Elsa?

A

Isole e Olena

Fattoria di Monsanto

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48
Q

Who are some key producers in Castelnuovo Berardenga?

A

Fattoria di Felsina

Castell’In Villa

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49
Q

Who are some key producers in Gaiole in Chianti?

A

Castello di Ama

Badia A Coltibuono

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50
Q

Who are some key producers in Radda in Chianti?

A

Castello di Volpaia

La Brancaia

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51
Q

Who are some key producers in Greve in Chianti?

A

Castello di Querceto

Podere Poggio

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52
Q

Who are top producers of Vin Santo?

A

Villa Sant’Anna
Avignonesi
Rocca di Montegrossi

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53
Q

Who are some notable producers of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

Avignonesi
Fattoria del Cerro
Boscarelli
Poliziano

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54
Q

Who are some notable producers of Vernaccia di San Gimignano?

A

Montenidoli

Falchini

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55
Q

Who are some key producers of Chianti Classico?

A 
Montevertine
Castello di Ami
Fattoria di Felsina
Rocca di Montegrossi
Barone Ricasoli
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56
Q

Who are key modernist producers in Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Antinori
Ciacci Piccolomini d’Aragona
Poggio Antico
Castello Banfi

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57
Q

Who are key traditionalist producers in Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Biondi-Santi
Val di Suga
Talenti
Il Poggione

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58
Q

What label does fortified Vin Santo have?

A

Liquoroso

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59
Q

Why is chestnut wood often used for Vin Santo?

A

rapid oxidation

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60
Q

Where was Napoleon’s exile of 1814?

A

Elba

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61
Q

When was the IGT category created?

A

1992

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62
Q

How did southern Maremma become hospitable to wine?

A

Mussolini drained it in the 1930s

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63
Q

What Brunello leaders are more traditional, keeping maceration periods longer?

A

Biondi-Santi, Talenti, Soldera

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64
Q

What are Montalcino’s fraziones?

A

Sant Angelo in Colle, Castelnuovo Abate, Torrenieri

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65
Q

What is a frazione?

A

Sub-commune

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66
Q

How long is Brunello di Montalcino aged?

A

2 years in cask, 4 months in bottle

Riserva - 6 months in bottle instead of 4

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67
Q

Which is the Brunello clone?

A

Sangiovese Grosso

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68
Q

Who historically is considered the inventor of Brunello’s style?

A

Clemente Santi of Tenuta Greppos Biondi-Santi

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69
Q

What are the four original villages of Chianti?

A

Radda, Gaiole, Castellina, Greve

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70
Q

What are the two most common soils of Chianti?

A

Galestro and alberese

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71
Q

Who delimited the original Chianti zone? When?

A

Grand Duke Cosimo III de Medici, 1716

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72
Q

Generally, what is the minimum amount of Sangiovese in Chianti?

A

70%

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73
Q

After Chianti Classico, which Chianti subzone is considered the most reliable?

A

Rufina

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74
Q

What percentage of Tuscan vineyards are devoted to red wine production?

A

70%

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75
Q

Why has Canaiolo historically been added to Sangiovese?

A

To soften its hard attack

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76
Q

How much of Tuscan wine is made at the DOC/DOCG level?

A

45%

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77
Q

Who bottled Sassicaia?

A

Marquis Mario Rocchetta

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78
Q

When was the first commercial vintage of Sassicaia?

A

1968

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79
Q

Legislation delimiting the Chianti zone dates back to when?

A

1716

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80
Q

What are aging requirements of Vin Santo di Montepulciano?

A

Minimum 3 years in caratelli of no more than 300 liters capacity.

Riserva - 5 yeras in caratelli of no more than 125 liters capacity

Occhio di Pernice - 8 years in caratelli of no more than 75 liters capacity

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81
Q

What are GR of Vin Santo di Montepulciano Occhio di Pernice?

A

Sangiovese (min 50%)

82
Q

What are GR of Vin Santo di Montepulciano?

A

Trebbiano Toscano, Grechetto, Malvasia Bianca (min 70%)

83
Q

What are aging requirements of Vin Santo del Chianti (same as Vin Santo del Chianti Classico)?

A

Minimum of 3 years in caratelli of no more than 500 liters capacity

Riserva - minimum 4 years

84
Q

What are the GR of Vin Santo del Chianti Occhio di Pernice?

A

Sangiovese (min 50%)

85
Q

What are the GR of Vin Santo del Chianti?

A

Trebbiano Toscano, Malvasia (min 70%)

86
Q

Which Val di Cornia subzone was raised to DOCG level?

A

Suvereto

87
Q

What are GR of Val di Cornia Rosato?

A

Sangiovese (min 50%)

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot (max 50%)

88
Q

What are GR of Val di Cornia Bianco?

A 
Trebbiano Toscano (min 50%)
Vermentino (max 50%)
89
Q

What DOCG does Sant’Antimo correspond to?

A

Brunello di Montalcino

90
Q

What are the GR of Occhio di Pernice Sant’Antimo?

A 
Sangiovese (50-70%)
Malvasia Nera (30-50%)
91
Q

What are the GR of Sant’Antimo Vin Santo?

A

Trebbiano Toscano, Malvasia Bianca (min 70%)

92
Q

What are the GR of San Gimignano Occhio di Pernice?

A

Sangiovese (min 50%)

93
Q

What are GR of San Gimignano Vin Santo?

A 
Malvasia del Chianti (max 50%)
Trebbiano Toscano (min 30%)
Vernaccia di San Gimignano (max 20%)
94
Q

What are GR of San Gimignano Rosso and Rosato?

A

Sangiovese (min 50%)

95
Q

What are the GR of Rosso di Montepulciano?

A 
Sangiovese (min 70%)
white grapes (max 10%)
96
Q

What are the GR of Rosso di Montalcino?

A

Sangiovese (100%)

97
Q

Who are they only producers in DOC Pomino?

A

Frescobaldi

Fattoria Selvapiana

98
Q

What are the GR of Pomino Bianco and Vin Santo?

A

Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio (min 70%)

99
Q

What are aging requirements of Montescudaio Vin Santo?

A

Minimum 4 years, including at least 18 months in caratelli of no more than 500 liters capacity, and one year in bottle.

100
Q

What are the Gr of Montescudaio Rosso?

A

Sangiovese (min 50%)

101
Q

What are the GR of Montescudaio Bianco and Vin Santo?

A

Trebbiano Toscano (min 50%)

102
Q

What are the GR of Montecucco Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice?

A

Sangiovese (min 70%)

103
Q

What are the GR of Montecucco Vin Santo?

A

Trebbiano Toscano, Malvasia Bianco, Grechetto (min 70%)

104
Q

What are the GR of Montecucco Rosso?

A

Sangiovese (min 60%)

105
Q

What are the GR of Montecucco Rosato?

A

Sangiovese, Ciliegiolo (min 60%)

106
Q

What are the GR of Montecucco Bianco?

A

Trebbiano Toscano, Vermentino (min 40%)

107
Q

What 2 regions is Colli di Luni in?

A

Toscana and Liguria

108
Q

What are aging requirements of Bolgheri Sassicaia?

A

Minimum 2 years, including 18 months i barriques.

Superiore - 2 years, including 1 year in wood

109
Q

What are the GR of Bolgheri Sassicaia?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon (min 80%)

110
Q

What winery has its own Bolgheri subzone?

A

Sassicaia

111
Q

What are the GR of Bolgheri Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice?

A 
Sangiovese (50-70%)
Malvasia Nera (30-50%)
112
Q

What are the GR for Bolgheri Rosso and Rosato?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon (10-80%)
Merlot (max 70%)
Sauvignon (max 70%)

113
Q

What are the GR for Bolgheri Bianco?

A

Trebbiano Toscano (10-70%)
Vermentino (10-70%)
Sauvignon (10-70%)

114
Q

What are the GR for Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice di Carmignano?

A

Sangiovese (min 50%)

115
Q

How many DOCs are in Tuscany?

A

39

116
Q

When does Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG established?

A

1980

117
Q

What are the principal soils of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

Volcanic, Sandstone

118
Q

What are aging requirements for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano Riserva?

A

3 years. At least 6 months in bottle.

119
Q

What are aging requirements of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

24 months in wood.

OR

18 months in wood, plus 6 in alternative container

OR

12 months in wood, 6 in bottle

120
Q

What is the minimum alcohol of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

12.5%

121
Q

What are the GR of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

Sangiovese (min 70%)

122
Q

When was Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG established?

A

1993

123
Q

What is the principal soil of Vernaccia di San Gimignano?

A

sandy loam

124
Q

What is the maximum RS of Vernaccia di San Gimignano?

A

4 grams / liter

125
Q

What is the minimum alcohol of Vernaccia di San Gimignano?

A

11.5%

126
Q

What are the GR Vernaccia di San Gimignano?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano (min 85%)

127
Q

What are the GR of Rosso della Val di Cornia?

A

Sangiovese (min 40%)

Cabernet, Merlot (max 60%)

128
Q

When was Morellino di Scansano DOCG established?

A

2006

129
Q

What are the GR of Morellino di Scansano?

A

Sangiovese (min 85%)

130
Q

What are the GR of Elba Aleatico Passito?

A

100% Aleatico (minimum 10 days of air drying and 30% sugar content)

131
Q

When was Chianti DOCG established?

A

1984

132
Q

What are the maximum yields of Chianti?

A

Chianti - 9 tons / hectare
Chianti subzones - 8 tons / hectare
Chianti Superiore - 7.5 tons / hectare

133
Q

What is the minimum planting density of Chianti?

A

4,000 vines per hectare

134
Q

What are the aging requirements for Chianti Riserva?

A

Minimum 2 years aging from January 1

  • 6 months in wood for Colli Fiorentini and Rufina Riserva
  • 8 months total, 4 in wood for Senesi Riserva
135
Q

What are Gr of Chianti?

A

Chianti:
Sangiovese (70-100%)
Max 10% white graoes
Max 15% Cab and Cab Franc

Chianti Senesi:
Sangiovese (75-100%)
Max 10% Trebbiano Toscano & Malvasia del Chianti (only until 2015)
Max 10% Cab and Cab Franc

136
Q

What are the subzones (and their provinces of Chianti)?

A 
Rufina - Firenze
Colli Fiorentini - Firenze
Montespertoli - Firenze
Montalbano - Prato, Pistoia, Firenze
Senesi - Siena
Colli Aretini - Arezzo
Colline Pisane - Pisa
137
Q

What is governo?

A

A winemaking technique likely invented in 14th century Tuscany, where a batch of harvested grapes are saved and partially dried, and added to must in cases of stuck or slowed fermentation.

138
Q

When was Chianti Classico DOCG established?

A

1984

139
Q

What are the principal soils of Chianti Classico?

A

Galestro (soft, marl like soil), alberese (sandstone), clay, schist, sand

140
Q

What is the maximum yield of Chianti Classico?

A

7.5 tons / hectare

141
Q

What are aging requirements of Chianti Classico Gran Selezione?

A

Minimum 30 months aging from Jan 1 after harvest. 3 months in bottle.

142
Q

What are aging requirements of Chianti Classico Riserva?

A

Minimum 24 months aging from Jan 1 after harvest, including 3 months in bottle.

143
Q

What are the aging requirements of Chianti Classico?

A

May not be released until Oct 1 after harvest

144
Q

What is the max RS of Chianti Classico?

A

4 grams / liter

145
Q

What is the minimum alcohol of Chianti Classico? Riserva?

A

12%

12.5%

146
Q

What are the GR of Chianti Classico?

A

Sangioevse (min 80%)
others, including Colorino, Canaiolo Nero, Merlot, Cabernet (max 20%)
Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia Bianco are no longer allowed.

147
Q

What are the Firenze communes in which Chianti Classico is made?

A

Greve in Chianti, Barberino Val di Pesa, San Casciano Val di Pesa, Tavernelle Val di Pesa

148
Q

What are the Siena communes in which Chianti Classico is made?

A

Radda in Chianti, Gaiole in Chianti, Castellina in Chianta, Castelnuovo Barardenga, Poggibonsi

149
Q

In what provinces is Chianti Classico?

A

Firenze, Siena

150
Q

What are the aging requirements of Carmignano Riserva?

A

Minimum 12 months in oak or chestnut. ay not be sold before September 29 of third year following harvest

151
Q

What are the aging requirements of Carmignano?

A

Minimum 8 months in oak or chestnut. not sold before June 1 of second year following harvest.

152
Q

What is the minimum alcohol of Carmignano?

A

12.5%

153
Q

What are the GR of Carmignano?

A 
Sangiovese (min 50%)
Cab Franc, Cabernet (10-20%)
Canaiolo Nero (max 20%)
Trebbiano Toscano, Malvasia del Chianti, Canaiolo Bianco (max 10%)
other (max 10%)
154
Q

When was Brunello di Montalcino established?

A

1980

155
Q

What is the principal soil of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Clay and marine sedimentation in the lower altitudes, galestro in the higher altitudes.

156
Q

What is the maximum yield of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

8 tons / hectare

157
Q

What is the minimum planting density of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

3,000 vines per hectare

158
Q

What are the aging requirements for Brunello Riserva?

A

2 years in wood, 6 months in bottle, may not be sold before Jan 1 of 6th year following the harvest

159
Q

What are the aging requirements of Brunello di Montalcino (not Riserva)?

A

Minimum 2 years in wood, plus 4 months in bottle. May not be sold before Jan 1 of 5th year following harvest

160
Q

What is the minimum alcohol of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

12.5%

161
Q

What are the GR of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Sangiovese (Brunello) (100%)

162
Q

What are the unofficial subzones (Montalcino fraziones) of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Castelnuovo dell’Abate, San Angelo in Colle, Torreniere

163
Q

What is the commune of production of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Montalcino

164
Q

How many DOCG are in Tuscany? What are they?

A

11

Brunello di Montalcino
Carmignano
Chianti
Chianti Classico
Elba Aleatico Passito
Montecucco Sangiovese
Morellino di Scansano
Rossa della Val di Cornia
Suvereto
Vernacccia di San Gimignano
Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
165
Q

Since 2000, what are considered the best vintages in Tuscany?

A

2004, 2006

166
Q

Where do Sangiovese canes have high fertility? How is this a benefit?

A

On the basal buds (those nearest the stem).

It allows for multiple possibilities of choice regarding length of pruning and forms of training.

167
Q

What does seeding between rows accomplish?

A

Enhancing the Nitrogen of the soil

168
Q

What did the CC2000 project conclude was the best crop for seeding between vines?

A

red fescue.

169
Q

When does Sangiovese ripen?

A

Between the middle of September and the middle of October

170
Q

Why is it said that Sangiovese adaptable to machine harvesting?

A

The berries become detached easily

171
Q

Until the 18th century, what was the principal grape of Chianti?

A

Canaiolo Nero

172
Q

When was it put into law that up to 30% of Chianti could come from white grapes?

A

1966

173
Q

What was Giulio Gambelli known for?

A

Being a “maestro assaggiatore” (“master taster”), consultant to many in Tuscany.

174
Q

Who is considered the father of Tuscan modernists?

A

Giacomo Tachis

175
Q

What is a usual maceration period in Tuscany?

A

10-20 days.

176
Q

How is malolactice fermentation often induced for red wines?

A

By raising the ambient temperature after malolactic fermentation and/or by inoculation

177
Q

How large is a botte, usually?

A

10 to 100 hectoliters

178
Q

What does governo add?

A

Alcohol and glycerol

179
Q

In 2004-2006, how much of world production was Italian?

A

17%

180
Q

How many producers of grapes are there in Italy?

A

700,000

181
Q

How much of the Italian crop is:
Red?
White?
Rosé?

A

60
35
5

182
Q

What did Cosimo III de Medici declare in 1716?

A

The exclusive use of the name “Chianti”

183
Q

What did 33 vineyard owners in Tuscany do in 1924?

A

Form the original consorzio for the defense of Chianti, and create the brand of the black cockerel, or gallo nero.

184
Q

What happened to Chianti in 1932?

A

It was extended to other parts of Tuscany.

185
Q

When did the optional addition of international grapes increase to 15 in Chianti Classico?

A

1996

186
Q

When was optional use of international grapes increased in Chianti Classico to 20 percent?

A

2000

187
Q

What is unique about the Chianti Classico consorzio, as of 2003?

A

They monitor all estates in the region regardless of their involvement in the consorzio.

188
Q

When were white grapes finally excluded from the Chianti Classico blend?

A

2006

189
Q

What is the Elsa?

A

A tributary of the River Arno

190
Q

What is the dominating soil of Castelnuovo Berardenga in Chianti Classico? How about the Sienese side?

A

Calcareous soil or schistous rock

It is more clay-like

191
Q

Which subzone in Gaiole achieves more longevity?

A

Monti

192
Q

Wines from Greve are known for what?

A

Heterogeny

193
Q

Which Chianti communes date back to the middle ages?

A

Gaiole, Castellina, Radda

194
Q

Wines from Radda are known for what?

A

Elegance

195
Q

What two large companies have their HQ in Florence?

A

Antinori and Frescobaldi

196
Q

Which Tuscan city is known for being walled?

A

Lucca

197
Q

What were red wines of Montalcino called, prior to the mid 19th Century?

A

Vermiglio

198
Q

What is Brunellopoli?

A

A scandal that broke in 2008, where accusations came that some 2003 vintaged Brunellos were blended.

199
Q

What does Prugnolo Gentile translate to?

A

“gentle wild plum”

200
Q

What is the city of San Gimignano known for?

A

Two towers

Cert/Adv - Italy (24 decks)

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